12mm HSS-G Metal Drill Bit - hss bit drill

Coromant Capto is a completely modular system supporting machine adapters, extensions and facemill adapters. Image courtesy of Sandvik Coromant

“But even though the instinct is to slow down when something vibrates, there are certain situations where if you go faster, you also run into a sweet zone that (doesn’t) get the chatter,” Burley said. “And extended-reach toolholders have these bands just as much as the shorter ones. They’re narrower but still exist.”

Enlarging a hole that already has been drilled or cored. Generally, it is an operation of truing the previously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring is essentially internal turning, in that usually a single-point cutting tool forms the internal shape. Some tools are available with two cutting edges to balance cutting forces.

Condition of vibration involving the machine, workpiece and cutting tool. Once this condition arises, it is often self-sustaining until the problem is corrected. Chatter can be identified when lines or grooves appear at regular intervals in the workpiece. These lines or grooves are caused by the teeth of the cutter as they vibrate in and out of the workpiece and their spacing depends on the frequency of vibration.

Sandvik Coromant’s Coromant Capto is available in various length extensions to optimize applications and with dampened extensions to minimize vibration. Image courtesy of Sandvik Coromant

To recap, more flutes on end mills means more strength and a smoother finish. However, lighter metals may require a lower flute count to be sure that any chips have space to clear during operation.

“It’s important that we keep those two things related,” he said. “So if we’re talking about 14" of reach and the tool diameter is only ½", we have a ratio of 28 times the diameter. But a 2"-dia. tool at 14" length is only a 7-1 ratio, which is not particularly extended length.”

If you have any questions or would like advice regarding the appropriate number of flutes for your end mills, please feel free to get in touch with us at Star Tool Inc today. We currently provide carbide end mills of anywhere between 2 to 7 flutes and are prepared to help you find the perfect carbide end mill solution for your metalworking needs.

“It’s kind of like Legos where you start with a basic holder and you can extend it and taper it and do all kinds of things to make it the way you want it to look using standard components,” Burley said. “And the beauty of that is, because you’re using a pool of common components, you can take it apart whenever the job is over and reuse the parts for other builds.”

He said oil and gas applications use threads with a high insert engagement, which creates a lot of deflection when cutting, and therefore vibration occurs even at short bar lengths.

However, adding more flutes is not without drawbacks, as the larger core takes up space and limits flute valleys that otherwise allow chips to evacuate more easily while machining. As a result, stronger end mills with higher flute counts are better used when cutting harder, more ferrous material that require a faster rate of metal removal.

Main body of a tool; the portion of a drill or similar end-held tool that fits into a collet, chuck or similar mounting device.

Optimal flute count also depends upon the specific machining application in question. End mills with high flute counts work well in finishing applications since smaller amounts of material will be removed and chip evacuation will not be a primary concern. On the other hand, roughing operations will benefit from a lower flute count, where it is necessary to have larger flute valley to evacuate chips with increased frequency.

The main challenge with extended-reach toolholders is achieving suitable rigidity. The longer and thinner the holder, the more likely that bending forces will cause runout.

As an option to a single-piece, extended-length holder, several companies offer modular systems that can be built to longer lengths as needed.

Essentially a cantilever beam that holds one or more cutting tools in position during a boring operation. Can be held stationary and moved axially while the workpiece revolves around it, or revolved and moved axially while the workpiece is held stationary, or a combination of these actions. Installed on milling, drilling and boring machines, as well as lathes and machining centers.

“The idea for a 1"-wide slot is to use a smaller-diameter cutting tool, like a ½" milling cutter instead of a 1" cutter, and then feed the cutter forward in a circular toolpath opening the slot to the 1" width instead of creating it with one big hog pass that’s 1" wide,” said Mark Backus, product specialist for machine integration and tooling systems at Sandvik Coromant Co., Fair Lawn, New Jersey.

Meanwhile, 4-flute end mills have been preferred when machining steel and similarly hard alloys since they have more cutting surfaces to contact the part per rotation. Since such harder metals require a slower feed, using end mills with 4 or more flutes serves to increase the rate of metal removal.

There is a vast array of small yet important decisions that must be made when working in CNC machining. For example, it is vital to choose the right number of flutes on end mills to enable your tooling to ensure smooth operation and maximize productivity. Your best option will depend on a number of factors, including the hardness of the materials you are looking to cut as well as the parameters of the tooling at your disposal.

Machining operation in which metal or other material is removed by applying power to a rotating cutter. In vertical milling, the cutting tool is mounted vertically on the spindle. In horizontal milling, the cutting tool is mounted horizontally, either directly on the spindle or on an arbor. Horizontal milling is further broken down into conventional milling, where the cutter rotates opposite the direction of feed, or “up” into the workpiece; and climb milling, where the cutter rotates in the direction of feed, or “down” into the workpiece. Milling operations include plane or surface milling, endmilling, facemilling, angle milling, form milling and profiling.

“If you’ve got to go around the side of a workpiece but the first 6" is in the dead zone, then we’re going to make that zone as beefy as we can,” Burley said. “Compared to a one-piece holder of exactly the same length and the same exact shape, the rigidity wouldn’t be as good as the solid tool, but I would put it within about 10% of the same range.”

Secures a cutting tool during a machining operation. Basic types include block, cartridge, chuck, collet, fixed, modular, quick-change and rotating.

All the recent investment in multiple-axis machines, with their increased accessibility to workpieces, has made many people believe that the need for extended-reach toolholders is greatly reduced if not eliminated.

Cone-shaped pins that support a workpiece by one or two ends during machining. The centers fit into holes drilled in the workpiece ends. Centers that turn with the workpiece are called “live” centers; those that do not are called “dead” centers.

The general correlation between flute count, core size and tool strength is straightforward. More flutes equals a larger core equals greater tool strength. Furthermore, end mills with higher flute counts tend to have a smaller cut depth and so can be used to provide a smoother finish on virtually any material.

“The cutting tool chosen could be more positive or high shearing,” he said. “Or we can apply toolpaths, such as high-efficiency or high-feed milling, which are different approaches to speeds and feeds and depth of cut.”

CNC machine tool capable of drilling, reaming, tapping, milling and boring. Normally comes with an automatic toolchanger. See automatic toolchanger.

Because of interference, such as from a machine spindle snout, getting into certain features on a vertical machining center sometimes requires toolholders with long gauge lengths, said Jack Burley, vice president of sales and engineering at BIG KAISER Precision Tooling Inc., Hoffman Estates, Illinois. The minimum Z-axis, which is the closest distance a spindle can be to the worktable, has to be made up by the length of the toolholder. In the case of a horizontal machining center, the shortest distance a spindle can be to the center of the table is also a dead zone that has to be made up by the toolholder, he said.

With an extended-reach toolholder, end users must contend with physics. Due to bending forces and frequencies, a 12"-long tool never can run as fast or hard as a 2"-long tool, Burley said.

For example, he said if a 6"-long tool chatters at 2,000 rpm, a 7"-long tool might not because the 6"-long holder at that rpm is coincident to the natural frequency of the system while the 7"-long holder is out of phase.

“We can build specials beyond the normal catalog size or range, which is usually after 8" or 6" on smaller-taper tools,” Burley said. “But my preference is to direct people toward our CKB line of modular mill/turn tools for mill/turn centers.”

“They can run at higher speeds and feeds versus a plain carbide or steel boring bar with the same hangout ratios,” Bishop said. “It’s a productivity booster, so the (return on investment) on the added cost is found where the customer takes into consideration the increased throughput.”

An integrated damping system for extended-reach facemilling eliminates vibration for higher productivity, better surface finishes and higher removal rates. Image courtesy of BIG KAISER Precision Tooling

Loosely, any milling tool. Horizontal cutters take the form of plain milling cutters, plain spiral-tooth cutters, helical cutters, side-milling cutters, staggered-tooth side-milling cutters, facemilling cutters, angular cutters, double-angle cutters, convex and concave form-milling cutters, straddle-sprocket cutters, spur-gear cutters, corner-rounding cutters and slitting saws. Vertical cutters use shank-mounted cutting tools, including endmills, T-slot cutters, Woodruff keyseat cutters and dovetail cutters; these may also be used on horizontal mills. See milling.

This modular toolholder system for larger, heavier tools includes a lightweight aluminum insert for extended-length toolholders. Image courtesy of BIG KAISER Precision Tooling

“Every tool system and spindle has a natural frequency,” he said. “And when you run a tool that is coincident to that frequency, you get a lot of vibration.”

Runs endmills and arbor-mounted milling cutters. Features include a head with a spindle that drives the cutters; a column, knee and table that provide motion in the three Cartesian axes; and a base that supports the components and houses the cutting-fluid pump and reservoir. The work is mounted on the table and fed into the rotating cutter or endmill to accomplish the milling steps; vertical milling machines also feed endmills into the work by means of a spindle-mounted quill. Models range from small manual machines to big bed-type and duplex mills. All take one of three basic forms: vertical, horizontal or convertible horizontal/vertical. Vertical machines may be knee-type (the table is mounted on a knee that can be elevated) or bed-type (the table is securely supported and only moves horizontally). In general, horizontal machines are bigger and more powerful, while vertical machines are lighter but more versatile and easier to set up and operate.

End mills with higher counts of 5, 6, and 7 flutes are increasingly being used to cut harder materials, as a higher flute count allows for a tool with more strength and less wear, resulting in a longer tool life. High flute counts can also be beneficial in specialty applications when dealing with certain kinds of ferrous materials.

“It’s not as good as a solid tool,” Burley said. “But in some situations, because I can build it based on the configuration that I want, I can make it stiffer and larger than a 12" standard holder that is long and slender.”

“The tool steel itself, along with the Rockwell hardness of the tool steel and the substrate, all relate to the rigidity of the tool assembly,” Bishop said. “Let’s say you try to reach something out 12". You’ve got to start with good runout, and a shrink-fit holder is the smartest choice for that application. Instead of having a toolholder with setscrews on the side of it that pushes a tool one direction or the other, a shrink-fit holder actually wraps right around it, giving you the optimal runout, which is below a tenth.”

Coromant Capto by Sandvik is another modular system that can be used to create extended-length toolholders. “You can use a Coromant Capto adapter on the machine spindle side and then put different types of milling cutters, drills or boring heads on the machining side of the assembly end of the adapter,” Backus said. “You can add more extensions to make it longer and stack them out as far as you need. On the same tool assembly, you can have different diameters, which gives you a lot of versatility. You usually would start with a larger diameter at the base and then reduce it to whatever you need or just keep it all the same diameter for the entire assembly.”

CAM software tells a programmer the maximum and minimum gauge length from the spindle to the tip of the tool, Burley said. To determine other toolholder dimensions, a program’s collision detection system would calculate the maximum outside diameter of the toolholder and the optimum lengths to reach the longest conditions.

Milling cutter held by its shank that cuts on its periphery and, if so configured, on its free end. Takes a variety of shapes (single- and double-end, roughing, ballnose and cup-end) and sizes (stub, medium, long and extra-long). Also comes with differing numbers of flutes.

In response to demand, Ultra-Dex developed a chatter-free line of boring bars with up to a 14-1 ratio. These long-overhang ratios are made possible by an internal damping technology based on a high-density alloy that provides optimal dynamic stability.

Trochoidal milling, a form of high-efficiency milling, is one option for extended-length toolholders because it exerts less stress on the spindle.

“In many cases,” Backus said, “with our vibration-damping toolholders for turning, boring or milling, it can be a great productivity booster without needing to make reductions to the cutting data.”

“Extended reach is not just how long it is but how long it is in relation to the tool diameter,” said Gregg Bishop, general manager of Ultra-Dex USA, Flushing, Michigan.

“With the 5-axis, I can tilt things around to get into those places using a standard toolholder, but you’re always working off the center of the table,” Burley said. “So everywhere around it, there are going to be certain tilts that make it difficult to reach, like the B-axis all the way at 90° to the spindle, and some features down by the table itself.”

“The further the overhang of the tool assembly, the more vibration will be introduced,” Backus said. “If they’re taking a light cut with a milling cutter or they’re drilling, they may get by with a pretty long assembly. But if they’re doing a heavier cut with the milling cutter, they need something like our Silent Tools milling adapter to dampen the vibration.”

Workholding device that affixes to a mill, lathe or drill-press spindle. It holds a tool or workpiece by one end, allowing it to be rotated. May also be fitted to the machine table to hold a workpiece. Two or more adjustable jaws actually hold the tool or part. May be actuated manually, pneumatically, hydraulically or electrically. See collet.

Workpiece is held in a chuck, mounted on a face plate or secured between centers and rotated while a cutting tool, normally a single-point tool, is fed into it along its periphery or across its end or face. Takes the form of straight turning (cutting along the periphery of the workpiece); taper turning (creating a taper); step turning (turning different-size diameters on the same work); chamfering (beveling an edge or shoulder); facing (cutting on an end); turning threads (usually external but can be internal); roughing (high-volume metal removal); and finishing (final light cuts). Performed on lathes, turning centers, chucking machines, automatic screw machines and similar machines.

The advantage of the modular concept, according to Burley, is that there are hundreds of different components that can be assembled together. A CAD/CAM programmer can choose from these to create the optimal tool configuration to fit into the reach and meet the needs of the program.

Ultra-Dex USA offers chatter-free boring bars with an internal damping technology based on a high-density alloy. Image courtesy of Ultra-Dex USA

“There’s a ton of demand in the oil and gas industry to get much deeper into a bore for ID turning,” said Gregg Bishop of Ultra-Dex USA. “They’re always trying to push that envelope to reach size and finish limits we never thought were possible. Imagine a 40" bore with a standard 4" bar. You can’t do that with a traditional carbide shank boring bar.”

Flexible-sided device that secures a tool or workpiece. Similar in function to a chuck, but can accommodate only a narrow size range. Typically provides greater gripping force and precision than a chuck. See chuck.

Holly B. Martin is a science writer and technical copywriter based in Winchester, Va. For more information, visit www.hollybmartin.com.

Bishop said customers typically use extended-length holders to reach past fixtures, obstructions or part features to machine other part features beyond. For those applications, he recommends keeping cutting forces light to minimize radial or axial radial deflection.

“You will sacrifice a little bit of accuracy when you start building up these components, but they’re designed in such a way as to remove the inaccuracy of each connection,” Burley said. “We’ve actually stacked together four or five parts and measured the (total indicator runout) at almost 12" and seen runouts that are less than 0.0005", which is extremely good for any tool.”

Anti-vibration technologies typically are based on a damping mass, which is often a heavy metal, a fluid or both inside a holder to offset vibrations.

Distance between the bottom of the cut and the uncut surface of the workpiece, measured in a direction at right angles to the machined surface of the workpiece.

A modular system normally consists of basic holders with extensions, reductions and toolholder components that fit into them, such as shell mill, collet chuck or endmill holders.

“At least 90% of the time, catalog toolholders typically in the range of 2" to 6" or 8" are more than long enough to overcome these minimum strokes, dead zones or any other problems with machine limits,” Burley said. “It gets down to 10% of the problems—where either the parts are just so small or so close to the table or it’s on a horizontal where you have to reach across to the opposite side because of the feature that you’re trying to get to—where you need extended-reach toolholders.”

Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion. There is no absolute scale for hardness. In order to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale, which defines hardness. Indentation hardness obtained through static methods is measured by Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers and Knoop tests. Hardness without indentation is measured by a dynamic method, known as the Scleroscope test.

Form of milling that produces a flat surface generally at right angles to the rotating axis of a cutter having teeth or inserts both on its periphery and on its end face.

Most end mill flutes traditionally come in 2 or 4 flute variations. 2-flute end mills have generally been preferred when machining aluminum materials, since the extra space is necessary for the relatively larger chips to evacuate when the tool is operating at a faster feed.

Today, it is also possible to order end mills with 3, 5, 6 or even 7 flutes. 3-flute carbide end mills have gained popularity when cutting aluminum or non-ferrous materials, offering superior productivity and finish as compared to traditional 2-flute end mills without obstructing chip evacuation.