Nonetheless, tool choice when finishing a hole usually isn’t an either-or scenario. A hole with a tight and critical straightness tolerance might need to be bored prior to reaming, again, because a reamer follows a hole. This is especially true for holes with a critical straightness tolerance and a 3:1 depth-to-diameter ratio and deeper. “The deeper it goes, the more chance there is to have some drift in your drill,” said Allied Machine’s Miller. He added that it’s common to have 0.001" of drift per inch when drilling, so if, for instance, a 4"-deep hole has a straightness callout of within 0.002", it will require straightening via boring prior to reaming.

Tendency of all metals to become harder when they are machined or subjected to other stresses and strains. This trait is particularly pronounced in soft, low-carbon steel or alloys containing nickel and manganese—nonmagnetic stainless steel, high-manganese steel and the superalloys Inconel and Monel.

Because a boring bar can be offset, spindle and toolholder runout typically isn’t a concern—but controlling runout is when reaming. “TIR affects reamers but does not affect single-point tools,” said Mike Hunter, business development manager for KOMET tools, KOMET of America Inc., Schaumburg, Ill. As a result, he doesn’t recommend reaming on tired, worn machines unless an adapter with runout adjustment is employed.

The groove milling cutter operates by rotating circular blades while moving parallel to the workpiece to create grooves. The width and depth of the grooves are determined by the blade’s width and outer diameter to some extent.

Wahlstrom noted a boring tool can be adjusted to compensate for insert wear. “We have products that have 0.00005" adjustability on diameter.”

Workpiece is held in a chuck, mounted on a face plate or secured between centers and rotated while a cutting tool, normally a single-point tool, is fed into it along its periphery or across its end or face. Takes the form of straight turning (cutting along the periphery of the workpiece); taper turning (creating a taper); step turning (turning different-size diameters on the same work); chamfering (beveling an edge or shoulder); facing (cutting on an end); turning threads (usually external but can be internal); roughing (high-volume metal removal); and finishing (final light cuts). Performed on lathes, turning centers, chucking machines, automatic screw machines and similar machines.

Essentially a cantilever beam that holds one or more cutting tools in position during a boring operation. Can be held stationary and moved axially while the workpiece revolves around it, or revolved and moved axially while the workpiece is held stationary, or a combination of these actions. Installed on milling, drilling and boring machines, as well as lathes and machining centers.

As a result, boring is traditionally a hole-finishing operation for lower volumes with reaming used for higher ones, but volume is in the eye of the beholder. If a job, for example, is for only 250 components but the customer repeats the job six times a year, it can qualify as high-volume production suitable for reaming, according to Smith. He uses the rule of thumb of 1,000 holes or components as the point when a reamer comes into play.

By acquiring additional boring bars, however, a parts manufacturer can finish a fairly wide range of diameters. Bob Wahlstrom, general manager for Criterion Allied Inc., pointed out that one popular boring head the Costa Mesa, Calif., company offers is suitable for holes from 0.035" (0.889mm) to 611⁄16" (169.9mm) in diameter with the use of 10 different boring bars. The toolmaker is a unit of Allied Machine and stocks boring tools for finishing holes from 0.035" to 21½" (546.1mm) in diameter. “Specials are available for larger diameters, but we’ve just not had anyone ask for anything smaller yet,” he said. “The day will come.”

In addition to shortening tool life, runout can cause a reamed hole to be out of tolerance. For example, 0.0002" of TIR when trying to hold a 0.0001" tolerance will either produce an egg-shaped hole or one that is 0.0002" to 0.0004" larger than required because the runout doubles when turning a diameter, Savage noted.

KOMET’s DIHART-REAMAX TS modular reaming system offers a range of reaming heads to handle common reaming diameters and machining requirements.

Grooves and spaces in the body of a tool that permit chip removal from, and cutting-fluid application to, the point of cut.

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Rotating cutting tool used to enlarge a drilled hole to size. Normally removes only a small amount of stock. The workpiece supports the multiple-edge cutting tool. Also for contouring an existing hole.

In order to provide the best quality to our customers, this is the main machine we as meviy are using to manufacture our milled parts.

Single- or multiple-point precision tool used to bring an existing hole within dimensional tolerance. The head attaches to a standard toolholder and a mechanism permits fine adjustments to be made to the head within a diameter range.

Condition of vibration involving the machine, workpiece and cutting tool. Once this condition arises, it is often self-sustaining until the problem is corrected. Chatter can be identified when lines or grooves appear at regular intervals in the workpiece. These lines or grooves are caused by the teeth of the cutter as they vibrate in and out of the workpiece and their spacing depends on the frequency of vibration.

Alan holds a bachelor’s degree in journalism from Southern Illinois University Carbondale. Including his 20 years at CTE, Alan has more than 30 years of trade journalism experience.

In contrast, one boring bar can finish various hole diameters by adjusting the boring head. But it’s not necessarily in a shop’s best interest to extend the diameter range by skimping on tooling. For example, an end user can bore a 1"-dia. hole with a ¼" boring bar, but the odds of tool deflection and breakage are greatly increased compared to applying a ½" bar, noted Mark Dalhover, manufacturing director for Monster Tool Co., Vista, Calif., which makes solid-carbide reamers and boring bars. This is because a small tool removing a relatively large amount of material for its size requires reduced machining parameters to deal with deflection issues. Instead, “you want to go with a tool that’s close to the hole size for rigidity,” he said.

Dalhover added that he sees a trend towards reaming instead of boring, even though one boring bar can tackle a range of hole sizes. “Traditionally, reaming is easier for most shops, which might not have more sophisticated equipment or be able to invest in multiple boring holders for boring bars.”

Dalhover concurred, recommending leaving about 0.005" (0.127mm) of stock for an 1⁄8" (3.175mm) reamer compared to 0.010" (0.254mm) to 0.015" (0.381mm) for tools ½" (12.7mm) and larger. He explained that the chamfers are what mainly cuts the material, and a 1⁄8" reamer, for instance, might have a 0.015" (0.152mm to 0.305mm) chamfer length. “If you leave 0.020" of stock, it’s not going to remove that stock because the chamfer length is not going to be touching that area for about 0.005".”

Being able to cut with four or more teeth, depending on the reamer diameter, enables running at a feed rate four times faster or more than a single-point boring tool. In one rough cycle time study, KOMET’s Hunter determined that a single-point tool required 34 seconds to bore a 1½"-dia., 3"-deep hole compared to 3.7 seconds to ream it.

Milling is a type of machining process used to create various mechanical components made of materials such as plastic and metal. This method results in highly precise finished products thanks to the precise tools used to manufacture.

Enlarging a hole that already has been drilled or cored. Generally, it is an operation of truing the previously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring is essentially internal turning, in that usually a single-point cutting tool forms the internal shape. Some tools are available with two cutting edges to balance cutting forces.

Magafor reamers are designed for through-holes, with a left-hand spiral and right-hand cut to push chips forward instead of pulling them back through the hole.

Smith described one high-volume application where a customer was finish boring 256 holes in each of several plates. To achieve the tolerance, the boring head required adjustment after every fourth hole because of insert wear. By switching to reaming, the customer eliminated tool adjustment while feeding five times faster because of the reamer’s multiple flutes.

Although some reamers can be adjusted outward to compensate for tool wear, they are suitable for finishing a specific hole diameter and are not expandable to ream a range of diameters. “You’re not getting a lot of adjustment,” said Jacob Miller, product manager for Allied Machine & Engineering Corp., Dover, Ohio, which makes reamers. “You get 1 to 4 percent of the diameter, so if you have a 0.200 " reamer, you get 0.002 " of expansion. The expansion accommodates for wear, but also allows the tools to be reconditioned to the same diameter.”

High-value parts, such as aerospace components that may have a material-and-time worth of $60,000 when the finishing tool touches it, might not be able to be repaired if a mistake were made, von Rohr said.

Other times a reamer follows a boring tool to finish a hole such as a cored hole in a casting when the hole location is not particularly precise, noted Criterion Allied’s Wahlstrom. The boring tool will correct the location, straighten the hole and then the reamer follows to finish the hole.

Although sharp-edge inserts are available, the ones applied for boring typically have a corner radius, Monster Tool’s Dalhover noted.

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KOMET's MicroKom BluFlex boring system uses Bluetooth wireless networking technology to communicate the fine-adjustment head's data to a magnetic-backed display, which can be positioned anywhere outside the machine. This enhances operator safety and convenience, according to the company.

Milling is a machining process that involves cutting tools, known as milling cutters, that rotate at high speeds while cutting into a workpiece fixed to a worktable.

Not having enough stock to remove is also an issue when reaming. This is because the cutting edge will not have adequate chip load and rubbing occurs, which negatively impacts the surface finish, explained KOMET’s von Rohr. “You need a permanent chip load on the cutting geometry; otherwise your tool is not stable and just cannot do what it is designed for. Not having enough stock pretty much makes every reaming operation fail right away.”

Groove milling cutters offer faster cutting speeds and high precision compared to using end mills. They are especially useful for machining numerous long and deep grooves.

He added that leaving too much stock also creates problems, such as eclipsing and loading the reamer to the point that it breaks. (See chart above.)

By utilizing various types of cutting tools, it is possible to answer a multitude of needs. To list a few: flat surfaces, curved surfaces, hole drilling, and groove cutting.

The Turners Falls, Mass., company offers standard Magafor-brand solid-carbide reamers from 0.2mm (0.008") to 12.7mm (½") in diameter in 0.01mm (0.0004") increments. When run at the recommended speed and feed, the tools can achieve a tolerance of 4µm (0.00016"), according to President Robert Savage. He added that the reamers are uncoated and designed for through-holes, with a left-hand spiral and right-hand cut to push chips forward instead of pulling them back through the hole.

The machining center is a type of milling machine that not only allows numerical control but also enables automatic tool changes. Unlike other machines, the machining center can simultaneously hold multiple tools. This innovation allows for automatic tool changes, eliminating the need for manual tool swapping and improving work efficiency.

A reamer functions by following an existing hole and removing metal along the way, whereas a boring tool finishes a hole by cutting its own path, but both types of tools can achieve the same specified tolerance and surface finish. For example, Smith explained, a solid- carbide fixed reamer is effective for achieving H7 hole tolerances and an adjustable, or settable, reamer is suitable for H6 or even H5 tolerances, similar to what finish boring can achieve. (The H system is for specifying hole tolerances and uses a tolerance zone, defined as a spherical zone restricted by the upper and lower limit dimensions of the part. The lower the H number, the tighter the tolerance.)

Of course, that capability isn’t possible with a nonadjustable tool. “With a fixed reamer, if you have to recondition the OD at all for wear, you’ve lost the diameter,” Miller said.

Secures a cutting tool during a machining operation. Basic types include block, cartridge, chuck, collet, fixed, modular, quick-change and rotating.

Roughly half of all drilled holes require application of a finishing tool to complete the holemaking process, and fine boring heads and reamers are two popular choices.

Complex shapes can be manufactured through this process thanks to its three-dimensional movement. In fact, during manufacturing the milling cutters are moving vertically, while the worktable holding the workpiece slides horizontally. Nonetheless, it’s important to note that the capability to machine certain shapes depends on the specific milling machine, so careful consideration is necessary.

One factor that determines how much stock to leave is the hole diameter. Although von Rohr’s rule of thumb is allow 0.008" to 0.012" (0.203mm to 0.305mm) of stock on diameter for reaming, he emphasized a 0.118 "-dia. solid-carbide reamer cannot remove as much material as a 4"-dia. one.

“While both styles of tools can finish the hole,” Smith said, “the design of each tool has significant advantages that can be optimized depending on the needs of the component.” CTE

In this article, we will introduce the types of machines used in milling, the various tools employed, and the shapes that can be produced through milling.

Applications will continue to exist for reamers and finish boring tools and probably grow as tolerances tighten and finish requirements become finer. As a result, toolmakers will continue to produce both, with designs evolving to meet more stringent specifications.

Milling machines are classified into two main types: “vertical-type” milling machine has a spindle perpendicular to the worktable, and it is the most common type of milling machine. On the other hand, a “horizontal-type” milling machine has a spindle parallel to the worktable’s surface.

Plain milling cutters provide efficient material removal, although they may have slightly lower precision compared to face milling cutters.

According to Wahlstrom, the most common mistake part manufacturers make is not leaving enough material in the hole for finish boring. As a result, the tool pressure pushes the tool sideways off the workpiece, causing chatter. “Conservatively, 80 percent of my technical calls end up being from customers that have not left enough material in the bore,” he said.

Not only will the surface show an unwanted glazing effect when too little stock is left for reaming, but Hassay Savage – Magafor’s Fletcher said workhardening can occur. “In some materials, you can workharden in one pass.”

A reamer’s enhanced throughput could enable a parts manufacturer to eliminate the need for a new machine or enable buying two machines instead of three, according to Hunter.

Hardness is a measure of the resistance of a material to surface indentation or abrasion. There is no absolute scale for hardness. In order to express hardness quantitatively, each type of test has its own scale, which defines hardness. Indentation hardness obtained through static methods is measured by Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers and Knoop tests. Hardness without indentation is measured by a dynamic method, known as the Scleroscope test.

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Nonetheless, William D. Fletcher, vice president of sales and marketing for Hassay Savage Co. – Magafor, explained that an end user can slightly vary the amount of material a fixed reamer removes by adjusting the reaming speed and feed to achieve a tighter tolerance. The amount of adjustment depends on the workpiece material and requires tests cuts.

Compared to reaming, finish boring requires more material. Wahlstrom’s rule of thumb is to leave about a third more material than the radius of the boring insert’s cutting edge. Therefore, if the insert has a 0.015" (0.381mm) nose radius, the end user should leave 0.020" (0.508mm) of material per side of the hole.

“If you want to make the reamer act larger to cut a bigger hole, you slow it down and feed it slower,” he said. “If you want to make it act like a smaller reamer, you speed it up and feed it faster.”

In addition, the workpiece material dictates the stock allowance. While leaving 0.006" to 0.012" (0.152mm to 0.305mm) is suitable when reaming 28- to 32-HRC 4104 steel, Smith indicated 0.004" (0.102mm) of material is more appropriate for metals with a hardness of 50 HRC and harder.

Tool, belt, wheel or other cutting implement that completes the final, precision machining step/cut on a workpiece. Often takes the form of a grinding, honing, lapping or polishing tool. See roughing cutter.

To help maximize reamer life, toolmakers produce reamers that can cut a hole near its upper limit and wear down toward the lower limit, Seco’s Smith explained. “Obviously, if you’re near the high limit already and then throw in 0.0005 " of runout, you’re probably going to cut oversize, which would be a problem,” he said. “Not to mention it can cause a reamer to not cut properly because it’s cutting with one tooth vs. four teeth.”

That hole finishing percentage is increasing based on part design requirements, according to Mike Smith, product manager – reaming and EPB toolholders and rough and finish boring heads for Seco Tools Inc., Troy, Mich. “We’re seeing hole tolerances getting tighter and tighter, whether they need to be or not,” he said, noting this is because manufacturers strive for increased precision in their components.

Fletcher added that a floating reamer will essentially self-center and avoid eclipsing of the hole, where a second circumference, or mismatch, occurs. “It lets the reamer find its home in the hole.”

However, even a run of five parts can justify reaming based on part quality requirements and reduced risk of scrap because no tool adjustments are needed, according to von Rohr. “It’ll be first part, good part,” he said. “The risk of scrap is higher with a boring tool than with a reaming tool.”

Fortunately, adapters can compensate for runout when reaming. “They’ve been implemented for decades and are easy to use,” von Rohr said. “When I show them to customers, they are usually surprised because the alternative is to replace or service the spindle.”

Too much runout when reaming causes a tool to work harder when cutting one side of a hole than the other because the chip load is greater on one side of the tool, explained Adrian von Rohr, business development manager for DIHART, which is KOMET’s brand of reaming tools. That negatively impacts surface finish and reduces tool life. “It’s easy to lose up to 50 percent of the tool life with a smidgen too much TIR,” he said.

Another option is a “floating” reamer holder, which allows the tool to ream a hole that is not straight, or out of perpendicularity, Savage noted. Such a hole is not desirable, but a floating reamer holder allows the reamer to follow the existing hole, he said. “We always require zero perpendicularity.”

A plain milling cutter has blades along the outer surface of its cylindrical shape. It is attached to horizontal milling machines and used for flat surface machining.

“We determined that finish boring would have been the better option if they were machining five holes in a 10-piece job,” Smith said. “At that point, you could set the finish boring head, run your holes and put the head away for a different component down the road.”