When it comes to selecting the right technique for a given application, there are several factors to consider. These include the type of material being machined, the part size and geometry, the desired surface finish, and the available machine tool and cutting tool technology.

High-efficiency machining — which includes trochoidal-style toolpaths, dynamic milling, Volu-Milling, and all the rest — control the radial engagement angle “by making stepovers progressively smaller as the tool goes into corners and tighter areas,” according to Rak, of Kyocera SGS Precision Tools. “Here, the goal is to make the chip loading as consistent as possible.”

As the radial depth-of-cut decreases, the effective chip load declines, Dominski said. That means “chip thinning compensation must be applied so that the tool’s recommended chip load is being cut by each tooth,” he continued. “If this does not occur, you may actually rub the part, resulting in surface-finish issues.”

Kip Hanson, who is the proprietor of KAHMCO LLC, has more than 40 years of experience in manufacturing, machine tools, fabrication and ERP systems. He contributed a version of this post to MSC Industrial Supply Co.’s Better MRO blog.

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There’s no shortage of high-quality CAM solutions, almost all of them providing capabilities that fall under one or more of the umbrella terms high-speed, high-feed, and high-efficiency machining.

And those are only parts of the equation. Machining at these speeds requires cutters designed for extreme heat and efficient chip evacuation, as well as a machine tool with a motion-control system able to achieve commensurately higher feed rates, often in the face of rapidly changing toolpaths.

Daniel Dominski, technical sales engineer for OSG’s South Central and Southeast regions; Luke Pollock, senior global product manager for Indexable Milling at Kennametal; and Jacob Rak, an applications engineer responsible for research and development at Kyocera SGS Precision Tools, are familiar with the dilemma.

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High-efficiency machining (HEM) is quite similar to high-speed machining in that it uses fairly high spindle speeds and feed rates, as well as a large axial depth-of-cut and small radial cut width. With high-efficiency machining however, more attention is paid to the end mill’s engagement angle and avoidance of “spikes” that can lead to chatter, tool wear, and even breakage.

High-feed machining (HFM) employs a large radial width of cut—greater than 50 percent is typical—together with a small axial depth-of-cut and, as its name implies, very high feed rates.

Then, the question becomes the best ways to combine each of these different milling technologies to increase productivity, reduce cycle times, and improve tool life and surface finish.

He also noted that, “in aluminum, high-feed machining would be a really good way to go because the material is easy to machine, and you can take heavy bites without worrying about engagement angle overloads, whereas in difficult-to-machine materials like superalloys, it’s important to take advantage of high-speed and particularly high-efficiency machining, utilizing trochoidal-style toolpaths wherever possible.”

Luke Pollock and Jacob Rak agreed that the technique is very effective when clearing out a large pocket in a mold cavity, for example, or opening a cavity in a titanium aircraft component. Because the cutting forces are directed upward into the machine spindle where it’s strongest, even a less rigid machine can be used.

The technique is mostly utilized in the die and mold industry, “where materials are hard (35-65 HRC) and larger cuts are not possible,” Dominski said. “The machine tools used here are generally the most capable, as they have high accuracy and look-ahead capabilities, very responsive controls and servo systems, and are quite capable of the quick, precise movements needed in these applications.”

“High-feed milling is a great option in die/mold, to use as a roughing operation with solid-carbide, negative-geometry high-feed mills, clearing as much material as possible prior to semi-finishing and finishing with an HSM-style path,” OSG’s Dominski explained. “In aerospace, high-feed milling is most often used with titanium aircraft frame components, where solid or indexable high feed mills can make quick work of roughing.”

Nor is there a shortage of high-performance cutters, whether these are solid-carbide end mills boasting variable-helix angles, unequal flute spacing, or coatings that many experts only dreamed about a decade ago.

Different tool geometries and coatings are often optimized for these different machining techniques. OSG, Kennametal, and Kyocera SGS each offer a broad selection of solid-carbide, modular, and indexable cutters, many of them designed specifically for one or more of the toolpaths just described.

High-speed machining (HSM) is often defined as a milling technique that utilizes spindle speeds of 20,000 rpm or greater, and relatively small radial depths of cut (less than 25 percent of the cutter diameter.)

In recent interviews, these experts explained some of the ways machinists can use the new and developing technologies to produce more chips—and bolster the bottom line for their businesses.

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