Fluid that reduces temperature buildup at the tool/workpiece interface during machining. Normally takes the form of a liquid such as soluble or chemical mixtures (semisynthetic, synthetic) but can be pressurized air or other gas. Because of water’s ability to absorb great quantities of heat, it is widely used as a coolant and vehicle for various cutting compounds, with the water-to-compound ratio varying with the machining task. See cutting fluid; semisynthetic cutting fluid; soluble-oil cutting fluid; synthetic cutting fluid.

One of the most recent improvements for thread whirling has been cutter rings that are capable of delivering high-pressure cutting oil directly to threading inserts to better clear chips, as well as cool the cutting edges.

Machining operation in which metal or other material is removed by applying power to a rotating cutter. In vertical milling, the cutting tool is mounted vertically on the spindle. In horizontal milling, the cutting tool is mounted horizontally, either directly on the spindle or on an arbor. Horizontal milling is further broken down into conventional milling, where the cutter rotates opposite the direction of feed, or “up” into the workpiece; and climb milling, where the cutter rotates in the direction of feed, or “down” into the workpiece. Milling operations include plane or surface milling, endmilling, facemilling, angle milling, form milling and profiling.

Yesenia Duran is a Chicago-based freelance journalist who covers cutting tools and technology. She can be reached at sennyx@gmail.com.

“Thread whirling can be used to produce worm gears and of course standard 60-degree UN threads, as well as metric standard threads,” said Scott Laprade, applications supervisor at Westfield, Massachusetts-based Genevieve Swiss Industries Inc., which does business as GenSwiss.

Loughney said when using a sliding-head machine, users have the support of its guide bushing close to the cutting head, with multiple inserts applying even cutting pressure. Trying to thread long, slender components using a single-point method would be almost impossible and could cause high scrap rates, poor-quality threads and excessive tool wear and breakage.

“Grade GC1105 offers sharper edges for burr-free component surfaces and long and predictable tool life,” he said. “This is especially important when machining titanium and stainless steel bone screws.”

Thread whirling is important to manufacturers of implant screws, for which orders can range from 1,500 to 5,000 pieces or more per production run. Bone screws are being designed with more complex thread forms, including deep threads, multiple leads and unique thread pitches. Inserts are designed and manufactured specifically for individual threads.

Standard inserts for thread whirling HA and HB thread forms are available as stocked items from Sandvik Coromant. These threads have the specific dimensions and tolerances needed for bone screws and other medical implants. However, the majority of thread forms on bone screws are special forms that would be offered as engineered solutions.

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“These machines offer the most stable cutting condition due to the bar stock being supported by a guide bushing that is in the machine’s spindle/chuck, where the material is fed through the guide bushing, allowing for the cutting tools to be very close to the material being machined,” Loughney said. “The machine must have a c-axis that the thread whirling unit is driven by. The thread whirling ring fits into the unit. The rings consist of multiple indexable carbide inserts with up to three cutting edges depending on the pitch of the thread.”

Another recent advance is quick-change capability. Sandvik Coromant provides that with its whirling rings, along with high-quality carbide and coatings, such as Grade GC1105, which Loughney said is a popular choice for medical machining.

Thread whirling offers several advantages over single-point threading. First, users can machine high-quality threads on long, slender components without the risk of bending or vibrating. Single-pass threading from stock diameter reduces cycle time, increases productivity and helps produce accurate threads by tilting the whirling ring toward the helix angle. Also, good chip control enables continuous machining, and finishing treatment is not required. Finally, deep thread forms, such as Acme, can be achieved easily with thread whirling.

As with everything else for a Swiss-style CNC machine, Laprade said thread whirling depends on the guide bushing for support, so ensuring that cutters are as close as possible is paramount, especially for smaller-diameter threads.

Cylindrical sleeve, typically made from high-grade tool steel, inserted into a jig fixture to guide cutting tools. There are three main types: renewable, used in liners that in turn are installed in the jig; press-fit, installed directly in the jig for short production runs; and liner (or master), installed permanently in a jig to receive renewable bushing.

Internally cooled thread whirling rings eliminate the need to have perfectly aimed coolant nozzles for chip evacuation and insert cooling. Cutting oil is delivered to the insert edge through internal channels in the cutter ring. Image courtesy of Genevieve Swiss Industries

Although similar to thread milling, thread whirling has inserts mounted on the inside of a cutting ring, or cutter holder, rather than on the outside of a milling tool. The thread whirling ring rotates around a cylindrical component to cut a thread in one pass. Image courtesy of Sandvik Coromant

With thread whirling, the cutter enters and exits in a radial arc, which is similar to the thread radius direction. As the heel of the insert exits the thread form, the resulting finish leaves a crosshatch pattern. But this pattern would not be seen on any thread wall with a positive wall angle. That is because the cutter contacts the workpiece only at the full tangency of the cutting path.

A productive method often used for thread forms that need to be produced quickly and at tight tolerances, typical parts for thread whirling are medical bone screws, implants, feed screws, worm gears and other microcomponents.

GenSwiss has partnered with Utilis AG of Müllheim, Switzerland, since 2006, and the companies have worked to further the technology used in this machining process. Laprade said Utilis and GenSwiss introduced to the Swiss-turn industry thread whirling systems that use up to 12 thread cutting inserts. The addition of tooling with more cutters enabled users of whirling attachments to increase productivity over the conventional three- and six-insert systems that were available at the time.

“Previously,” Laprade said, “this had been accomplished through external cooling lines that had to be manually adjusted for each setup and (were) time-consuming.”

Compared with thread milling a zero-degree thread wall, which commonly is found on the trailing side of a bone screw thread, the finish pattern of thread whirling is better thanks to the tangential radial entry and exit of the cutter, which leaves a uniform pattern.

Although similar to thread milling, thread whirling has inserts mounted on the inside of a cutting ring, or cutter holder, rather than on the outside of a milling tool. The thread whirling ring rotates around a cylindrical component to cut a thread in one pass.

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Number related to the applied load (usually, 500 kgf and 3,000 kgf) and to the surface area of the permanent impression made by a 10mm ball indenter. The Brinell hardness number is a calculated value of the applied load (kgf) divided by the surface area of the indentation (mm2). Therefore, the unit of measure of a Brinell hardness number is kgf/mm2, but it is always omitted.

Another company, Sandvik Coromant Co. in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, provides CoroMill 325 thread whirling rings and inserts, which meet the needs of a large number of sliding-head machine types. The rings and inserts can thread long, slender components from rough stock at high speeds without use of a dedicated thread whirling machine, said Patrick Loughney, who handles business development for small part machining and is product specialist for indexable drilling tools.

The improvement in surface finish from thread whirling is a result of the unique tangential cutter path and increased rigidity. Burrs also are minimized due to reduced chip loads and longer tool life.

With thread milling, the tool cuts on the way into the material and up to the full tangent point. As the heel of the cutter makes an exit path, the direction of the finish pattern changes and results in a crosshatch pattern.

“Once material support is removed,” he said, “a machinist runs the risk of the part deflecting under the tool pressure with each subsequent pass. Thread whirling eliminates this concern, and it can take stock diameter and machine it to a complete thread in a single shot.”

He said whirling can produce long threaded parts accurately and efficiently with exceptional surface finishes, whereas traditional single-point threading methods require multiple passes with a threading tool. An additional advantage is that aggressive, deep thread forms can be achieved in a single pass with a high level of precision.

Long threads pose a further hurdle when machined on a Swiss-style CNC machine. Because Swiss machines use a guide bushing to support material, which moves through the tooling rather than the tooling moving to the workpiece, Laprade said long threaded parts must be pulled back through the guide bushing after being cut, resulting in lost support of the workpiece.

“Many thread whirling units have a 50-1 gearbox reduction,” he said. “Take this into consideration that the programmed rpm will not be the actual output in most cases.”

Process of both external (e.g., thread milling) and internal (e.g., tapping, thread milling) cutting, turning and rolling of threads into particular material. Standardized specifications are available to determine the desired results of the threading process. Numerous thread-series designations are written for specific applications. Threading often is performed on a lathe. Specifications such as thread height are critical in determining the strength of the threads. The material used is taken into consideration in determining the expected results of any particular application for that threaded piece. In external threading, a calculated depth is required as well as a particular angle to the cut. To perform internal threading, the exact diameter to bore the hole is critical before threading. The threads are distinguished from one another by the amount of tolerance and/or allowance that is specified. See turning.

Swiss-style CNC machines use thread whirling to generate complex, complete thread forms that normally would be difficult to produce efficiently in high volumes. Thread whirling is a milling process used primarily for thread forms that require large amounts of removed material, such as medical buttress threads designed to thread into bone.

Shown above is a typical arrangement of cutting inserts in a thread whirling ring, which affixes to the dedicated live tooling attachment used to perform the process.  Image courtesy of Genevieve Swiss Industries

“To help accommodate that,” he said, “shifted cutter rings that bring the inserts closer to the guide bushing are available for more readily available live tooling attachments on the market.”

Loughney said getting thread whirling right from the beginning, setting up and understanding how the thread whirling unit works on a machine are critical for first-time users.

2-D or 3-D path generated by program code or a CAM system and followed by tool when machining a part.

The company specializes in tooling and accessories for Swiss-style machining and has expertise with thread whirling given its exclusivity to Swiss machines.

Microprocessor-based controller dedicated to a machine tool that permits the creation or modification of parts. Programmed numerical control activates the machine’s servos and spindle drives and controls the various machining operations. See DNC, direct numerical control; NC, numerical control.