A machine tool that is used to produce a range of cylindrical workpieces. On a basic lathe, the part rotates in a spindle while the cutting tool is guided along its exterior diameter or into the part to create a hole located on the centerline of the part.

The ease with which a metal can be cut and shaped by machine processes such as cutting, grinding, turning, or drilling. Machinability depends on factors such as strength, hardness, softness, and ductility.

A cylindrical workholding device that is a hollow metal tube used to hold small, fragile, or thin-walled workpieces. Collets come in a variety of sizes and generally have center holes that fit a workpiece of a certain dimension.

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CSS. A setting on a CNC lathe that adjusts the spindle rpm as the tool travels toward and away from the axis of the spindle. Constant surface speed keeps surface feet per minute (m/min) consistent.

A common cutting tool material used to make both indexable inserts and solid cutting tools. Carbide is very hard and difficult to machine by traditional methods.

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mm/rev. The distance in millimeters that the tool advances during one complete revolution of the workpiece. Millimeters per revolution is a metric measurement for feed on the lathe.

The heating of a metal within a carbon-rich environment to increase carbon levels on the metal surface. Case hardening creates a hardened exterior shell.

The shaping of metal at temperatures much lower than the metal's melting point. Cold working of steel is done at room temperature.

• Cutting edge strength: The ability of any cutting tool to resist deformation. Cutting edge strength is affected by rake and relief angles.

Millimeters per revolution. The distance in millimeters that the tool advances during one complete revolution of the workpiece. Millimeters per revolution is a metric measurement for feed on the lathe.

A device used to support, locate, and hold a workpiece during machining. Workholding devices accurately reference the tool performing the operation on the part being held.

hp. A unit of power used to describe machine strength. Increased horsepower allows a machine's spindle to exert a greater amount of force.

The use of a single-point cutting tool to enlarge an existing hole. Boring operations, which are programmed in sfm (m/min), help to create a hole that is concentric and that meets tight tolerances.

Surface feet per minute. The distance in feet that the workpiece surface travels in one minute. Surface feet per minute, which is an English measurement for speed, depends on workpiece size and rpm.

Speed and Feed for the Lathe provides a thorough explanation of cutting variables for lathe operations, including how these variables are measured, selected, and set. Many variables affect speed and feed selection, especially the type of cutting operation, tool material, and workpiece material. The class covers speed and feed selection for both manual and CNC machines.The proper selection of speed and feed is necessary to maximize tool life, productivity, and surface finish. Understanding cutting variables reduces tool wear, damage to machine components, and scrapped parts.

AISI. An organization that issues general classification standards for irons and steels. The American Iron and Steel Institute assigns machinability ratings to a wide variety of materials.

Surface meters per minute. The distance in meters that the workpiece surface travels in one minute. Surface meters per minute, which is a metric measurement for speed, depends on workpiece size and rpm.

: A workholding device with movable jaws that uses pressurized liquid to increase its clamping force and rigidity. Hydraulic chucks are safer to operate at higher speeds than traditional chucks.

CNC. A sophisticated, precise machine tool run by a computer that requires programmed speed and feed rate values. Computer numerical control machines are very rigid and are capable of fast cutting speeds.

An established policy regarding a particular practice, method, or measurement. Standards are established by a number of organizations in the United States and internationally, including American Standard and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

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A compound developed by the combination of carbon with tungsten, titanium, tantalum, or other materials. Cemented carbide is used in hardness testing indenters and metal cutting tools due to its hardness and wear resistance.

The use of single- or multi-point tools to separate metal from a workpiece in the form of chips. Cutting processes vary based on the requirements of a finished part.

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A substance that has been intentionally added to a metal to improve its properties. Additives often improve machinability.

Inches per revolution. The distance in inches that the tool advances during one complete revolution of the workpiece. Inches per revolution is a measurement of feed on the lathe.

A holemaking process that makes a round hole in a part at any location that deviates from the part's centerline. Off-center drilling can sometimes be performed on a lathe with live tooling.

A machining operation that rotates a cylindrical workpiece while a single-point tool is guided along the length of the part. Turning operations are performed on a lathe and programmed in surface feet per minute (sfm) or meters per minute (m/min).

An unwanted but acceptable deviation from a given dimension. Tolerances indicate the allowable difference between a physical feature and its intended design.

The ability of a material to be drawn, stretched, or formed without breaking. Ductility is more common in softer metals.

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HSS. An inexpensive cutting tool material that has high toughness. High-speed steel is tougher than carbide but offers less hardness and wear resistance.

The degree of stiffness or inflexibility of a workpiece, machine, or machine setup. Increasing rigidity reduces vibration.

A number assigned to a metal that indicates how easy it is to machine. Machinability ratings lower than 1.0 indicate materials that are more difficult to machine, and ratings above 1.0 indicate materials that are easier to machine.

ipm. The distance in inches that the entire tool advances in one minute. Inches per minute is a measurement for feed of a rotating cutting tool on the lathe.

The sudden and complete loss of tool performance. Catastrophic tool failure can be the result of gradual degradation and intermittent failure.

Computer numerical control. A sophisticated, precise machine tool run by a computer that requires programmed speed and feed rate values. CNC machines are very rigid and are capable of fast cutting speeds.

d. The distance from one edge of a circle to the opposite edge as measured across the center of the circle. Diameter measurements can be used to calculate lathe speed.

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sfm. The distance in feet that the workpiece surface travels in one minute. Surface feet per minute, which is an English measurement for speed, depends on workpiece size and rpm.

A superalloy made of nickel and chromium that is designed to perform well in extreme environments. Inconel is very difficult to machine and resists both oxidation and corrosion.

The ability of a material to resist forces that attempt to break or deform it. Increased strength in materials can make them more difficult to machine.

The ability of a material to resist scratching, indentation, and penetration. Increased hardness in a material can generate more heat and make it more difficult to machine.

ipr. The distance in inches that the tool advances during one complete revolution of the workpiece. Inches per revolution is a measurement of feed on the lathe.

• Pneumatic chucks: A workholding device with movable jaws that uses air pressure to increase its clamping force and rigidity. Pneumatic chucks are safer at higher speeds than traditional chucks.

rpm. The number of revolutions that a spindle or cutting tool completes in one minute. Revolutions per minute is a measurement of speed in both English and metric systems.

The process of cutting a long, spiraling groove into a workpiece with a single-point tool. Threading operations, which require a constant rpm, are essential for the creation of fasteners.

A series of digitized instructions used by a CNC machine. Part programs guide the machine tool to perform the necessary sequence of operations to machine a specific workpiece.

Revolutions per minute. The number of revolutions that a spindle or cutting tool completes in one minute. Revolutions per minute is a measurement of speed in both English and metric systems.

The measurement of the tilt of the rake face either toward or away from the workpiece centerline when turning. Rake angles can reduce cutting forces, encourage chip removal, and prolong tool life.

m/min. The distance in meters that the workpiece surface travels in one minute. Surface meters per minute, which is a metric measurement for speed, depends on workpiece size and rpm.

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A turning operation that removes material from the end of the rotating cylindrical part. Facing operations, which are programmed in sfm (m/min), are usually performed to establish the length of a part.

An alloy consisting of numerous alloying elements that is very expensive and designed to perform well at elevated temperatures. Superalloys have very high hardness and low machinability ratings.

An imaginary line that runs through the center of a cylindrical workpiece and around which the workpiece rotates. Centerlines are perpendicular to a lathe's headstock.

mm/min. The distance in millimeters that the entire tool advances in one minute. Millimeters per minute is a metric measurement for feed of a rotating cutting tool on the lathe.

A chip that does not break apart and instead forms a long, curled string. Continuous chips are often created when machining ductile metals.

The original and most basic type of manual lathe. Engine lathes are often used for short production runs and customized work.

The time it takes to perform a single task. Cycle time may refer to the time it takes to make one part or to perform one step in a process.

An angle formed by the surface of the workpiece and the bottom end of the cutting tool. Relief angles influence tool wear rates and cutting edge strength.

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The ability of a material to be scratched, indented, or penetrated by another material. Softness affects a material's machinability rating.

A silvery white metal that is soft, light, and has a high strength-to-weight ratio. Aluminum alloys contain a blend of metals and have high machinability ratings.

A substance that is unintentionally present in a metal and often has undesirable properties. Inclusions tend to be harder than the metal itself and reduce machinability.

A bluish white metal that is very soft and ductile. Lead can be added to steel to improve machinability, but it is less desirable because of the risk of lead poisoning.

The degree of smoothness of the surface of a part after it has been manufactured. Surface finish is the result of the surface roughness, waviness, and flaws remaining on the part.

A cutting operation in which a rotating multi-point cutting tool is fed along a part's surface to remove material. Milling operations are very versatile and generally produce flat surfaces.

A rotating power-driven cutting tool, such as an end mill or drill, that is held in the turret of a lathe. Live tooling can perform machining operations off the part centerline while the workpiece is held stationary in the spindle.

A workholding component used to locate and clamp the workpiece as it rotates. Most chucks have three moveable jaws and are mounted in the spindle.

The process of increasing the hardness of a metal by bending or shaping it. Work hardening processes include cold working and case hardening process.

Using a multi-point tool to machine a new round hole into the surface of a workpiece. Drilling operations, which require a constant rpm, can be done on a drill press, lathe, or mill.

The length of time that a cutting tool can function properly before it begins to fail. Tool life is affected by several different cutting variables.

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A machining operation that rotates a cylindrical workpiece while a single-point tool is guided along the length of the part. Turning operations are performed on a lathe and programmed in surface feet per minute (sfm) or meters per minute (m/min

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The distance to which the cutting tool plunges into the workpiece. Depth of cut indicates the amount of material that is removed by one pass of the cutting tool.

A particular grade of steel that has small amounts of additional alloying elements to improve machinability. Free-machining steels may include added bismuth or sulfur.

A particular grade of steel that acts as the standard for machinability ratings. B-1112 steels have a 1.00 machinability rating.

• pi: A special constant value that relates the diameter of a circle to its circumference. Pi is roughly equal to 3.14 and is used to find the circumference and area of a circle.

• Cutting forces: A force generated by the motion of the cutting tool and the resistance of the workpiece. Cutting forces are affected by rake and relief angles.

A variable or number that does not change value. The English constant 3.82 and the metric constant 318.30 are used in lathe speed conversion formulas.

An unwanted piece of material that is removed from a workpiece. Chips are formed when a tool cuts or grinds a workpiece.