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Sender, P.; Buj-Corral, I.; Álvarez-Flórez, J. Analysis of Roughness, the Material Removal Rate, and the Acoustic Emission Signal Obtained in Flat Grinding Processes. Machines 2024, 12, 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12020110

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Sender P, Buj-Corral I, Álvarez-Flórez J. Analysis of Roughness, the Material Removal Rate, and the Acoustic Emission Signal Obtained in Flat Grinding Processes. Machines. 2024; 12(2):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12020110

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The transformation of austenite to ferrite and martensite is a critical process in the heat treatment of metals, which is commonly used in industrial applications. It can be used to improve the mechanical properties of metals, such as increasing their strength and hardness, and to tailor their microstructures for specific purposes.

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Sender, Piotr, Irene Buj-Corral, and Jesús Álvarez-Flórez. 2024. "Analysis of Roughness, the Material Removal Rate, and the Acoustic Emission Signal Obtained in Flat Grinding Processes" Machines 12, no. 2: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12020110

The process of transforming austenite to ferrite and martensite is known as phase transformation. It occurs when the temperature of the metal is lowered and the atomic structure changes from face-centered cubic (FCC) to body-centered cubic (BCC) or hexagonal close-packed (HCP).

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Ferrite and martensite are two different crystal structures that can form during the transformation of austenite. Ferrite has a BCC structure and is relatively soft and ductile, while martensite has a BCT (body-centered tetragonal) structure and is much harder and stronger.

Abstract: In this work, the analysis of the acoustic emission (AE) signal in grinding processes is addressed. The proposed analysis method decomposes the acoustic signal into three frequency ranges. The total energy of each range is determined, as well as the highest frequency. Different grinding experiments were carried out, according to a full factorial design of experiments (DOE), in which feed speed, depth of cut, and transversal step (table cross feed) were varied. Arithmetic average roughness Ra and the material removal rate (MRR) were determined. It was observed that Ra depends mainly on the transversal step, followed by feed speed and the interaction between the transversal step and depth of cut, while MRR is greatly influenced by the transversal step. According to multi-objective optimization with the Derringer–Suich function, in order to simultaneously minimize Ra and maximize MRR, a transversal step of 9 mm per longitudinal pass, feed speed of 20 m/min, and depth of cut of 0.020 mm should be selected. Keywords: flat grinding; acoustic emission; EMD; roughness; MRR

The transformation of austenite to ferrite and martensite can be influenced by the composition of the alloy, cooling rate, and temperature. Other factors such as the presence of impurities and the grain size of the metal can also affect the transformation process.

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The transformation of austenite to ferrite and martensite can significantly alter the mechanical, physical, and chemical properties of the metal. For example, martensitic transformation can increase the hardness and strength of the metal, while ferritic transformation can improve its ductility and toughness.

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

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