Having an objective, standardized hardness value for a material is important to allow quality control during manufacturing. Each unit would need to be within an acceptable range of the specified hardness. Furthermore, these objective hardness values allow for the comparison of different materials and are therefore important for material selection to match the needs of an application.

Hardness testing measures a material’s resistance to permanent deformation at its surface, by pressing a harder material into it. It is used in a number of industries for material comparison and selection, as well as quality control of a manufacturing or hardening process. A specifically manufactured indenter, with chosen dimensions, is used to press into the material being tested, with a prescribed force. The pressing time is also important in the hardness test.Â

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Hardness testing is important for a number of different reasons. The hardness of a material can be a critical parameter in its application. This can be the case for metal components used in cutting and grinding or on the opposite extreme, for rubbers used for shock absorption. It is important to be able to measure and compare the hardness of materials objectively.Â

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There are various standards available for the different hardness testing methods. Generally, the internationally accepted standards for hardness testing are those issued by ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) and ISO (International Organization for Standardization). The two standards are very similar for each corresponding type of hardness test but have small differences between them for details such as the minimum thickness of the sample. The common ASTM and ISO standards for the four most popular hardness tests in metallic materials are listed below:

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The load that is applied will depend on the size of the sample and the type of material being tested. Harder materials like metals will need higher loads in order to make an easily measurable depression. Softer materials like thermoplastics will need lower loads to produce an appropriately-sized indentation.

Each hardness testing method has a range of loads that are applicable to the use of the test. Some tests, like the Vickers hardness test, can be used on a macro scale as well as a micro scale. The loads required are listed in Table 1 below:

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A hardness test uses a limited compressive force to apply a small deformation to the surface of a material, in order to assign a relative value for the material’s hardness. However, a ductility test uses a destructive tensile force to measure the amount of plastic deformation that a material can withstand before breaking.

Both types of tests apply a load to cause plastic deformation in a material. However, the direction of the load is different (compressive vs. tensile) and the extent of the load is different (limited to surface indentation vs. complete yield).

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There are a number of different hardness test methods, each suited to a certain scale of measurement, or type of material. Therefore, different methods should be selected according to the substance being tested. The most common hardness tests are explained below:

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Hardness testing works by pressing a standardized, hard instrument into the material that is being tested. The instrument, called an indenter, is pressed into the sample for a standardized length of time (a number of seconds), and with a specific load (force) behind it. When the indenter is pressed into the material, it deforms the surface of the material by a measurable amount. This deformation is then measured, and the measurement is used to assign a hardness value to the material according to the test’s specific scale.

Hardness is not a fundamental physical property of a material, but rather a measured characteristic. It can however provide some valuable information about the strength and durability of a material, depending on the application it is intended for.

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Hardness testing does have some limitations and challenges that can affect the accuracy and repeatability of hardness results, some of which are listed below:

Hardness is a material’s ability to resist deformation at its surface. A measurement is taken of the resulting indentation and converted to a hardness value relative to the hardness scale of the particular test. Many different standardized hardness tests exist, with each having an area of applicability to different types of materials, such as metals, ceramics, or rubbers. Measuring hardness has a number of benefits in comparing materials and providing quality control in manufacturing and hardening processes. This article will discuss hardness testing, its definition, how it works, its types, and benefits.

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The hardness testing load is the load (“force”) that is applied to the indenter when pressing into the material being tested. The depth or size of the deformation made by the indenter will depend directly on the load that was used to press it in. This load is applied by a machine, a hardness testing device. The automatic machine will apply a load according to the parameters given by the operator.