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Shin, B.; Kim, K.; Yi, S.; Choi, S.; Hyun, S. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast and Hot-Rolled Medium-Carbon Steels under Isothermal Heat-Treatment Conditions. Metals 2021, 11, 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121950

Steel microstructureanalysis

Machining carbon is not possible with conventional tools. If you want to cut CFRP to size, you get the best results by milling the composite material on a CNC machine. Utilzing a milling tool on the High-Z router you can cut carbon fiber sheets to size, make cut-outs and drill holes with circular milling.

Carbon is commonly used in areas where light construction materials are required because of the excellent strength-to-weight ratio of the composite material at high stiffness. Using carbon fibers is crucial for making racing cars and planes lighter and faster. At the same time, carbon resists the big impact of collisions at high speed.

Microstructure ofaustenite

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Due to the need for manufacturing functional carbon fiber parts precisely and wasting as few materials as possible, it makes sense to machine carbon sheets on a CNC mill with correctly calculated milling paths. In addition, you can make precise drill holes and cut-outs in the carbon sheet during the same operation. When the shapes to be cut out have roundings, it saves material to mill them out. Doing so you get much cleaner cutting edges than using a padsaw. After the cutting out the shapes the carbon parts you can even engrave the material on the same machine.

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Ferritemicrostructure

Microstructure ofmildsteel

Shin B, Kim K, Yi S, Choi S, Hyun S. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast and Hot-Rolled Medium-Carbon Steels under Isothermal Heat-Treatment Conditions. Metals. 2021; 11(12):1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121950

Martensitemicrostructure

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Shin, Byungsue, Kwangyuk Kim, Sung Yi, Sanggyu Choi, and Soongkeun Hyun. 2021. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast and Hot-Rolled Medium-Carbon Steels under Isothermal Heat-Treatment Conditions" Metals 11, no. 12: 1950. https://doi.org/10.3390/met11121950

Abstract: In this study, the changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties during isothermal heat treatment of cast steel before and after hot deformation were investigated using medium-carbon steel with low alloy content. The microstructural characteristics of the cast and hot-rolled medium-carbon steel under isothermal heat-treatment conditions were examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with electron backscatter diffraction. The variation in the mechanical properties was evaluated using Rockwell hardness and tensile tests. After maintaining an austenitizing condition at 1200 °C for 30 min, an isothermal heat treatment was performed in the range 350–500 °C, followed by rapid cooling with water. Both the cast steel and hot-rolled steel did not completely transform into bainitic ferrite during isothermal heat treatment. The partially untransformed microstructure was a mixture of martensite and acicular ferrite. At 500 °C, the prior austenite phase changed to Widmanstätten ferrite and pearlite. At 450 °C, bainitic ferrite and cementite were coarsened by the coalescence of ferrite and subsequent diffusive growth. The mechanical properties increased as the isothermal heat-treatment temperature decreased, and the hardness of the cast steel was generally higher than that of the hot-rolled steel. Hardness and strength showed similar trends, and overall mechanical properties tend to decrease as the isothermal heat-treatment temperature increases, but there are slight differences depending on complex factors such as various phase fractions and grain size. Keywords: medium-carbon low-alloy steel; isothermal heat treatment; phase fraction; bainite; degenerated upper bainite; bainitic ferrite; multiphase steel

The Milling of carbon produces dust particles which spread through the air being harmful to health if inhaled. Solutions for this issue are:

Microstructure of steelPDF

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You have to machine carbon with high rotational speed to get clean cutting edges. You can set Kress and Suhner miling motors to the highest level right from the beginning.

Low carbonsteel microstructure

Carbon fiber parts which have critical functions within the whole construction must be cut out accurately to fit. Carbon sheets are expensive because of the costly manufacturing. Wrong cuts and millings should be exceptional cases. Doing so you get much cleaner cutting edges than using a padsaw.

Pearlitemicrostructure

A CNC router can machine carbon cleaner, more precisely and more material saving than a manual tool such as a padsaw and a hand drill. No matter if you manufacture carbon fiber part for functional use or as front panels for visual embellishment: Manufacturing carbon fiber parts every day you should buy a CNC machine because carbon is too expensive for material waste or bad results.

Due to filaments in the epoxy resin carbon fiber sheets are not only exceedingly robust but they shine in a very special way. This is why front panels for car interiors or household appliances are made of carbon composite. Thus, even common instrument panels get an enormous upgrading.

We machined a 1.5 mm thick carbon fiber sheet on a High-Z router. We used a Suhner milling motor and a diamond-toothed milling cutter.

The parts of 3D puzzles are usually made of wood. The specialists for carbon fiber from the company Noblish were quite sure that a 3D puzzle can be made of carbon. Quickly they draw the puzzle parts for an owl with the construction software Construcam-3d and cut them out on a High-Z router machine.

The composite material carbon is applied in numerous fields, for example in the car racing sport, aerospace or RC model making. Carbon fiber reinforced plastic is pervaded by parallel arranged filaments in epoxy resin. The arrangement of the filaments gives the hardened resin a high stiffness at little weight.

The High-Z router makes precise drill holes with counterbores which you could also make with a drill and a countersink. However, it is difficult to drill holes with equal depth and distances. A computer-aided machine can drill the holes faster and more precisely than a manual tool.