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The choice of whether to use a Drill Chuck or Collet Chuck for a Spot Drill or any other Twist Drill is a divided one, because we’re optimizing two parameters and there is a different choice for each.

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However, if you use a carbide drill, or a screw machine length drill, spotting is typically not needed.   The carbide itself is so rigid compared to HSS that the drill will go where it is pointed.  As a matter of fact, most manufacturers recommend against spotting either a carbide twist drill or an insertable drill because it is easy to chip the carbide in the dimple.

The Calculator covers spot drills, center drills, counter bores, and more.  Plus, there’s even a database of fastener counterbore sizes:

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This will calculate the spindle speed to use based on the cutting speed of material and the diameter of the stock(on lathe) or cutter(on mill).

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There are times when you won’t be able to avoid a jobber length drill because the hole is too deep for a screw machine drill.  In that case, you could spot drill to start the twist drill, or you could drill the shallow part of the hole with a screw machine length and then switch to the longer drill.  Either way, you’re facing a tool change, so it’s six of one and half a dozen of the other.

A drill’s purpose is to ensure the hole is accurately located.  The short spot drill is very rigid, and the spotting motion is unlikely to deflect.

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One other factor to consider is Drill Bit Angle.  The larger the angle, the more likely the tip is to wander.  So, for example, if you use a 135 degree angle, you may want to consider spot drilling.  This is particularly true if you have ground a split point on your 135 degree drill bit.

While center drills are available more cheaply than spot drills, they have some disadvantages.  The small pilot tip is very delicate for example, and if it breaks, the drill will quit cutting.

These little drills are designed to be extremely rigid so that they can precisely spot a hole for a twist drill.  Maximum meat in the shank keeps them on target.

Center drills are intended to be used to create a hole suitable for a lathe center.  They have a 2 part tip that has a small pilot as well as the larger countersinking area of the bit.

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Whether to spot drill or not has nothing to do with how deep a hole is.  For example, whether you’re peck drilling or not has no impact on the decision of a spot drill.

Bob is responsible for the development and implementation of the popular G-Wizard CNC Software.  Bob is also the founder of CNCCookbook, the largest CNC-related blog on the Internet.

First we have the size of the bolt, followed by the expected diameter of the head according to a manufacturer on the web. We can apply a little bit of geometery and realize that for a 90 degree angle, the cone of the cap screw is the hypoteneuse of a right isosceles triangle and 1/2 the head diameter is therefore the depth. Now a little trig and we can figure the error between the 82 degree countersink and our 90 degree spot drill’s countersinking. As you can see, it isn’t miniscule, but I doubt it is the end of the world either.

Note that 82 degree spotting drills are also available, though in fewer sizes. They will be spot on with no error (sorry for the pun!). As far as I can see with a quick check, 82 degree and 90 degree spotting drills cost the same. You will have to buy a pretty good sized diameter spotting drill given that you need one at least equal to the head diameter of the flat head cap screw you end to spot and countersink with it. A 3/4″ diameter spotting drill is only good for 5/16″ and smaller screws. These spotting drills are not cheap, and cost about 2x what a countersink does, so you’d better be able to justify that with the time savings. I think I would learn to sharpen drill bits in short order if I was planning on doing very much of it.

The goal is to use the spot drill to make a little dimple in the workpiece that keeps the twist drill from walking so that the hole winds up in the right place.

Screw machine length twist drills are much shorter, so they’re less likely to flex as well.  In general, you’ll save a lot of time if you can avoid spot drilling.  Investing in a set of screw machine length twist drills is well worth it.  I hardly ever use the jobber length bits.

Rather than spot drill, drill, and then countersink, let’s kill 2 birds with one stone. The one fly in the ointment is that the countersink spec for US flat head cap screws calls for an 82 degree countersink, whereas spot drills are most commonly 90 degrees. This immediately led me to produce the following little chart that lays it all out:

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Calculate the Speeds and Feeds of Carbide End Mills, Diamond End Mills, and Plastic Cutting Carbide End Mills with these General Machining Guidelines.

This defeats the purpose of spot drilling and can result in a less accurate hole.  The broader angle of a true spot drill means the tip of the twist drill cuts first, which makes for a more accurate hole.  Lastly, the web of a spot drill is typically thinner than a center drill, so it cuts more easily and with less heat.

For best accuracy, use a collet chuck for your spot drill and twist drills.  Traditional drill chucks are less accurate and setscrew endmill holders are worse.

In the end, I recommend using the collets for smaller drills, say 1/4″ and under, and the drill chucks for larger diameters that need more holding power.

Another problem is the countersink angle of center drills is typically 60 degrees.  When spotting, you want a countersink angle that is larger than the twist drill’s angle if possible.  The narrower the spot angle, the more near the outside diameter of the twist drill first contact will be.  If the twist drill’s flutes aren’t perfectly sharpened, one will contact the spot hole before the other and the drill will try to deflect.

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Enjoy this simple to use Feed And Speed Calculator for end milling processes. Calculate the SFM, then use the RPM Calculator, and Feed Rate Calculator.