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Machining operations may be conducted on machine tools having a rotating spindle or a rotating part (lathe). Cutting speeds are usually given in feet or meters per minute and these speeds must be converted to spindle speeds, in revolutions per minute, to operate the machine. Conversion is accomplished by use of the following formulas:

In turning operations, D is the diameter of the work piece; in milling, drilling, reaming, and other operations that use a rotating tool, D is the cutter diameter in inches for U.S. units and in millimeters for metric units. Reference π = 3.14159.

N = Spindle speed in revolution per minute (rpm) V = Cutting speed in feet per minute (fpm) or (meter per minute (m/min)

N = Spindle speed in revolution per minute (rpm) V = Cutting speed in feet per minute (fpm) or (meter per minute (m/min) D = Cutter or work piece diameter