Nickel is essential as the base for oxide-coated cathodes used in all television tubes and all but the largest radio power tubes. Alloyed with about 2 percent tungsten plus a trace of magnesium, nickel is used as the cathode base in amplifiers for submarine cables that are expected to function for 20 years without attention.

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Spotting drills are available in a relatively small range of sizes, both metric and imperial, as their purpose is to provide a precise spot for guiding a standard twist drill. Commonly available sizes are 1/8", 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8", 3/4", 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, 14 mm, 16 mm and 18 mm. The drills are most ordinarily available with either 90° or 120° included angle points.

Invar, an alloy containing 36 percent nickel, with the balance iron, is notable for its extremely small thermal expansion. Discovered in 1898, it has, along with later-developed nickel alloys, many applications ranging from thermostats to balance wheels for watches, metal-to-glass seals essential to electric lights, and radio tubes.

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The ancient Chinese alloy pai-t’ung, now known as nickel-silver, contains 10–30 percent nickel with the balance copper plus zinc. This alloy continues as a favoured base for silver-plated ware. It also is used as a spring material for relays and has numerous other applications.

Cobalt

Fractional-inch drill bit sizes are still in common use in the United States and in any factory (around the globe) that makes inch-sized products for the U.S. market.

Jobber-length drills are the most commonly found type of drill. The length of the flutes is between 9 and 14 times the diameter of the drill, depending on the drill size. So a 1/2 in (12.7 mm) diameter drill will be able to drill a hole 4+1/2 in (114.3 mm) deep, since it is 9 times the diameter in length. A 1/8 in (3.175 mm) diameter drill can drill a hole 1+5/8 in (41.275 mm) deep, since it is 13 times the diameter in flute length.[3]

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The price and availability of particular size bits does not change uniformly across the size range. Bits at size increments of 1 mm are most commonly available, and lowest price. Sets of bits in 1 mm increments might be found on a market stall. In 0.5 mm increments, any hardware store. In 0.1 mm increments, any engineers' store. Sets are not commonly available in smaller size increments, except for drill bits below 1 mm diameter. Drill bits of the less routinely used sizes, such as 2.55 mm, would have to be ordered from a specialist drill bit supplier. This subsetting of standard sizes is in contrast to general practice with number gauge drill bits, where it is rare to find a set on the market which does not contain every gauge.

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Nickel is resistant to corrosion by fluorine, alkalies, and a variety of organic materials. It remains bright on indoor exposure but tarnishes outdoors, although its corrosion rate is very low. Its low corrosion rate, coupled with its resistance to corrosion by sodium chloride and other chlorides used on roads during the winter, makes it essential as an undercoat on chromium-plated automotive trim. Heavy nickel plating is employed as a lining for tank cars and as a coating for the inner walls of large pipes and similar equipment in the chemical industry.

Nickel

In the U.S., fractional inch and gauge drill bit sizes are in common use. In nearly all other countries, metric drill bit sizes are most common, and all others are anachronisms or are reserved for dealing with designs from the US. The British Standards on replacing gauge size drill bits with metric sizes in the UK was first published in 1959. [citation needed]

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The white colour of nickel is attractive, and most of its alloys with copper are substantially white. Its ability to form strong, ductile alloys with many metals, including iron, chromium, cobalt, copper, and gold, is utilized in industry.

Drill bits are the cutting tools of drilling machines. They can be made in any size to order, but standards organizations have defined sets of sizes that are produced routinely by drill bit manufacturers and stocked by distributors.

Nickel ion

A remarkable group of nickel-containing permanent-magnet alloys was developed beginning in Japan in the early 1930s. An early example contained 25 percent nickel, 12 percent aluminum, and the balance iron. More powerful versions, such as Alnico V (containing 8 percent aluminum, 14 percent nickel, 24 percent cobalt, 3 percent copper, balance iron), developed in the Netherlands, were heat-treated in a magnetic field. These materials had a profound effect on the design of many electrical devices, including magnetic separators, DC motors, and automobile generators.

An alloy of 25 percent nickel and 75 percent copper, essentially white in colour, was adopted for coinage by Belgium in 1860 and by the United States five years later. More recently it has been employed as the outer layer of copper-centred coins. Pure nickel was adopted by the Swiss for coinage in 1881; this use has spread to many other countries.

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The image shows a long-series drill compared to its diametric equivalents, all are 11⁄32 inch (8.7313 mm) in diameter. The equivalent Morse taper drill shown in the middle is of the usual length for a taper-shank drill. The lower drill bit is the jobber or parallel shank equivalent.

Drill bit sizes are written as irreducible fractions. So, instead of 78/64 inch, or 1 14/64 inch, the size is noted as 1 7/32 inch.

The term jobber refers to a wholesale distributor—a person or company that buys from manufacturers and sells to retailers.[citation needed] Manufacturers producing drill bits "for the trade" (as opposed to for specialized machining applications with particular length and design requirements) made ones of medium length suitable for a wide variety of jobs, because that was the type most desirable for general distribution. Thus, at the time that the name of jobber-length drill bits became common, it reflected the same concept that names like general-purpose and multipurpose reflect.[citation needed]

nickel银行卡

The gauge-to-diameter ratio is not defined by a formula; it is based on—but is not identical to—the Stubs Steel Wire Gauge, which originated in Britain during the 19th century.[2] The accompanying graph illustrates the change in diameter with change in gauge, as well as the reduction in step size as the gauge size decreases. Each step along the horizontal axis is one gauge size.

Number and letter sizes are commonly used for twist drill bits rather than other drill forms, as the range encompasses the sizes for which twist drill bits are most often used.

The fact that nickel changes in length as it is magnetized makes it useful as an ultrasonic transducer in various underwater defense devices. Alloying nickel with about 21 percent iron has a spectacular effect in producing alloys with extraordinarily high magnetic permeability in weak fields. This type of alloy, known as Permalloy, discovered at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1916, has had a great value in long-distance telephone transmission, including undersea cables. Other alloys of about 45–50 percent nickel and the balance iron, have been developed for magnetic uses at higher field strengths.

Below is a chart providing the decimal-fraction equivalents that are most relevant to fractional-inch drill bit sizes (that is, 0 to 1 by 64ths). (Decimal places for .25, .5, and .75 are shown to thousandths [.250, .500, .750], which is how machinists usually think about them ["two-fifty", "five hundred", "seven-fifty"]. Machinists generally truncate the decimals after thousandths; for example, a 27/64" drill bit may be referred to in shop-floor speech as a "four-twenty-one drill".)

Nickel symbol

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The addition of copper to nickel provides a series of useful alloys. Monel metal, 67 percent nickel and the balance essentially copper, is stronger than nickel and has broad corrosion-resisting applications. Extremely resistant to rapidly flowing seawater, it has many marine uses. The addition of a small percentage of aluminum and titanium renders it precipitation-hardenable; this high-strength version is widely used for propeller shafts. Increasing copper to 55 percent produces the electrical resistance alloy known as constantan, which is used as a thermocouple in conjunction with pure copper.

nickel中文

In smaller sizes, bits are available in smaller diameter increments. This reflects both the smaller drilled hole diameter tolerance possible on smaller holes and the wishes of designers to have drill bit sizes available within at most 10% of an arbitrary hole size.

Number and letter gauge drill bits are still in common use in the U.S. and to a lesser extent the UK, where they have largely been supplanted by metric sizes. Other countries that formerly used the number series have for the most part also abandoned these in favour of metric sizes.[citation needed]

Metric dimensioning is routinely used for drill bits of all types, although the details of BS 328 apply only to twist drill bits. For example, a set of Forstner bits may contain 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mm diameter cutters.

Number drill bit gauge sizes range from size 80 (the smallest) to size 1 (the largest) followed by letter gauge size A (the smallest) to size Z (the largest). Although the ASME B94.11M twist drill standard, for example, lists sizes as small as size 97, sizes smaller than 80 are rarely encountered in practice.

Extended-reach or long-series drills are commonly called aircraft-length from their original use in manufacturing riveted aluminum aircraft. For bits thicker than a minimum size such as 1⁄8-inch (3.175 mm), they are available in fixed lengths such as 6, 8, 12 or 18 inches (152, 203, 305 or 457 mm) rather than the progressive lengths of jobber drills.

Center drills are available with two different included angles; 60 degrees is the standard for drilling centre holes (for example for subsequent centre support in the lathe), but 90 degrees is also common and used when locating holes prior to drilling with twist drills. Center drills are made specifically for drilling lathe centers, but are often used as spotting drills because of their radial stiffness.

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Pure nickel possesses a useful combination of properties, including corrosion resistance, good strength, and high ductility, even at extremely low temperatures. It also possesses useful electronic properties and special magnetic properties. Nickel is a particularly good catalyst for the hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds in vegetable, animal, and fish oils, converting them from liquids to solids. Natural oils treated in this way are used in such products as shortening, oleomargarine, and soap.

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The shortest standard-length drills (that is, lowest length-to-diameter ratio) are screw-machine-length drills (sometimes abbreviated S/M). They are named for their use in screw machines. Their shorter flute length and shorter overall length compared to a standard jobber bit results in a more rigid drill bit, reducing deflection and breakage. They are rarely available in retail hardware stores or home centers.

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The first major market for nickel was in the production of nickel and nickel-chromium steels for armour plate, an application based on the work of James Riley of Glasgow, Scot., in 1889 and tests by the U.S. Navy in 1891 on armour plate from a French steel producer. Military demands supported the industry for many years, but, with the development of steam-turbine power plants, the automobile, agricultural machines, and aircraft, a whole new group of high-strength steels containing from 0.5 to about 5 percent nickel along with other metals such as chromium and molybdenum were developed. More recently, with a demand for steels for ultralow-temperature use with liquefied gases, steel of 9 percent nickel and alloys of higher nickel content have come into demand. These steels rely on carbon for hardening by heat treatment. The nickel toughens the steel and slows the hardening process so that larger sections can be heat-treated. A carbon-free iron alloy known as maraging steel has been developed. It contains 18 percent nickel, plus cobalt, titanium, and molybdenum. This alloy can be heat-treated to provide a tensile strength of some 2,000 megapascals (i.e., 21,000 kilograms per square centimetre, or 300,000 pounds per square inch), coupled with an elongation of 5 to 10 percent.

Nickel also is an essential component of white-gold alloys widely used for jewelry. These alloys also contain nickel, copper, and zinc, all of high purity.

Metric drill bit sizes define the diameter of the bit in terms of standard metric lengths. Standards organizations define sets of sizes that are conventionally manufactured and stocked. For example, British Standard BS 328 defines 230 sizes from 0.2 mm to 25.0 mm.

ANSI B94.11M-1979 sets size standards for jobber-length straight-shank twist drill bits from 1/64 inch through 1 inch in 1/64 inch increments. For Morse taper-shank drill bits, the standard continues in 1/64 inch increments up to 1¾ inch, then 1/32 inch increments up to 2¼ inch, 1/16 inch increments up to 3 inches, 1/8 inch increments up to 3¼ inches, and a single 1/4 inch increment to 3½ inches. One aspect of this method of sizing is that the size increment between drill bits becomes larger as bit sizes get smaller: 100% for the step from 1/64 to 1/32, but a much smaller percentage between 1 47/64 and 1 3/4.

The 30 percent and 10 percent nickel-copper alloys, usually containing 0.5 percent and 1.5 percent iron, are widely used in the form of tubes for heat interchangers and condensers. Their resistance to seawater corrosion makes them important in desalination plants. Copper-based alloys containing a small percentage of nickel become precipitation-hardenable if 5–8 percent tin or a smaller amount of silicon or phosphorus is added. These have special uses.