Martensitic stainless steels are the most challenging stainless steels to weld. The high hardness in the heat-affected zone makes the alloy prone to hydrogen cracking, and the risk increases with carbon content. The steel should be tempered immediately after welding. Prior to welding, preheating between 200-400 ℃ should be done depending on the welding procedure, section thickness, and chemical composition. For low-carbon materials with a section thickness of less than 3 millimeters, welding can be performed using a low-hydrogen process without the need for preheating. [1]

Martensitemicrostructure

The ratio of the c length to the a length of the unit cell increases with the increasing carbon content, reaching up to a maximum value of 1.08.

If we were to briefly describe martensite; it is a very hard iron structure formed as a result of rapid cooling, consisting of needle-like crystals, and it is based on the transformation of austenite.

Define martensiteand austenite

Martensite possesses high hardness. The primary reason for the high hardness of martensite is the significant distortion of its lattice structure.

The forming of martensitic steels is challenging due to their exceptionally high yield strength and low ductility. Room temperature roll forming is the primary shaping method. Rolling forming limits the complexity of part design where martensitic steels are used, thereby restricting the potential applications of martensitic steels.

What ismartensiteand austenite

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This volumetric expansion generates stresses of such high magnitude that they can significantly distort the matrix structure of steels or induce plastic deformation, subjecting the matrix structure to extreme distortion.

Lathmartensite

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In martensitic stainless steels, the main alloying element is chromium. It contains between 12-17% chromium in its chemical composition and has a carbon content between 0.10-1.2%. A tempered martensitic structure produces better impact resistance than a ferrite-perlite structure. Some martensitic steels can be attracted by a magnet. It has low ductility. Low high-temperature resistance. Low low-temperature resistance. Poor weldability.

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What ismartensitestructure

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Martensitephase

Martensitic transformation is not unique to steels alone. It can also occur in many alloy systems such as Fe-Ni, Cu-Zn, Cu-Al, Cu-Al-Zn.

In this case, it can be said that the highest hardness achievable from a quenched (hardened) or martensitic state in an alloy-free steel depends solely on the carbon content of the steel.

In a more detailed description; when the cooling rate of steel is increased, carbon atoms do not have enough time to separate from the solid solution through diffusion. While iron atoms may move to some extent, the trapped carbon atoms lead to the formation of a different structure. The structure formed as a result of rapid cooling is called “martensite”.

Temperedmartensite

The distortion of the lattice structure also hinders or impedes dislocation movement, resulting in increased hardness and strength in quenched steels.

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The tensile strengths of martensitic steel sheets range between 900 and 1600 MPa, with total elongations typically around 4-7%. Yield stress varies between 800 and 1350 MPa, indicating a very low work hardening behavior of these steels. Strength is also associated with the microstructure's carbon content; an increase in carbon results in an increase in strength.

How ismartensiteformed

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Martensite contains a significantly higher amount of carbon than it can dissolve. This state of oversaturation leads to an extreme distortion of the lattice structure.

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1.      Francis A.R., An Introduction to the Metallurgy of Steel and Its Allloys, Version 1.0, Ashburton Vcitoria Australia,2017

Due to the lower atomic packing factor of martensite compared to austenite, some volumetric expansion occurs in steel materials during martensitic transformation. This corresponds to approximately 4.3%.

440C steel is a martensitic stainless steel. It is corrosion-resistant and has a high level of hardness. This type of steel is suitable for durable knives and cutting tools.