Low-alloy steels are ferrous materials with superior mechanical properties due to the addition of elements such as nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. The total alloy content ranges from 2.07% to just below that of stainless steels (minimum of 10% Cr).

Steelchemical formula

High-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels, also known as microalloyed steels, are designed to provide improved mechanical properties and greater resistance to atmospheric corrosion. They typically have low carbon content (0.05% to 0.25%) to ensure adequate formability and weldability, with manganese content up to 2.0%. Small amounts of elements such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum, copper, nitrogen, vanadium, niobium, titanium, and zirconium are used in various combinations.

The titles below have been identified as those included in the Topsfield Library Society collection that was established on March 20, 1794.  The titles are listed by the classification similar those assigned to them in the original collection.  Many of the titles may be accessed online and read as e-books.  The links to the e-books are provided.  (Dow p.437-443)

Stainlesssteel composition percentage

The 1794 library was the subject of an article written by Anne Barrett, Vice-President of the Topsfield Historical Society, and published in the TriTown Transcript on January 9, 2015.

1. Low-Carbon Quenched and Tempered SteelsThese steels combine high yield strength (350 to 1035 MPa) and high tensile strength with good notch toughness, ductility, corrosion resistance, or weldability. Examples include HY-80 and HY-100, which are used primarily as plates and sometimes as forgings or castings.

Low-carbon steels are the most common, making up over 85% of steel production in the U.S. They typically have less than 0.10% carbon and up to 0.4% manganese. These steels are highly formable and are used in applications such as automobile body panels, tin plates, and wire products. Higher carbon content steels within this category, with up to 0.30% carbon, are used for structural plates and sections, stampings, forgings, seamless tubes, and boiler plates.

Barrett, A. (2015). A Look at Topsfield's First Library. TriTown Transcript. 57(45). p. A2. http://topsfield.wickedlocal.com/article/20150113/ENTERTAINMENTLIFE/150119886

Carbon steel, as defined by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), is steel where no minimum content is specified for alloying elements such as chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, or zirconium. The specified minimum for copper should not exceed 0.40%, and the maximum content for manganese, silicon, and copper are 1.65%, 0.60%, and 0.60% respectively.

Steelis an alloy of

Steel composition percentagechart

Total Materia is the leading materials information platform, providing the most extensive information on metallic and non-metallic material properties and other material records.

Chemicalcompositionofsteelgrades

The Topsfield Times is a collection of information about people, places, and events that have a connection to Topsfield, Massachusetts.  It is a work in progress that will grow as additional entries are added by staff at the Topsfield Town Library.

4. Heat-Resistant Chromium-Molybdenum SteelsContaining 0.5% to 9% Cr and 0.5% to 1.0% Mo, these steels have improved oxidation and corrosion resistance, with typical applications in the oil and gas industries and fossil fuel and nuclear power plants. They are usually supplied in normalized and tempered, quenched and tempered, or annealed condition.

Ultrahigh-carbon steels are experimental alloys with carbon content between 1.25% and 2.0%. These steels undergo thermomechanical processing to achieve a microstructure consisting of ultrafine, equiaxed grains of spherical, discontinuous proeutectoid carbide particles.

Medium-carbon steels have carbon content ranging from 0.30% to 0.60% and manganese content from 0.60% to 1.65%. Increasing the carbon content to around 0.5% with higher manganese allows these steels to be quenched and tempered. Applications include shafts, axles, gears, crankshafts, couplings, and forgings, as well as rails and railway wheels.

2. Medium-Carbon Ultrahigh-Strength SteelsThese structural steels have yield strengths exceeding 1380 MPa and are available as billet, bar, rod, forgings, sheet, tubing, and welding wire.

Steel composition percentageformula

Panella, J. & Groblewski, H. (2001). The History of the Topsfield Town Library. [MA] : E. T. Johnson & Associates. View in the Library Catalog

3. Bearing SteelsUsed for ball and roller bearing applications, these steels include low carbon case-hardened and high carbon through-hardened steels, often covered by SAE/AISI designations.

Steeluses

The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) defines carbon steel as follows:Steel is considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, columbium [niobium], molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten, vanadium or zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40 per cent; or when the maximum content specified for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65, silicon 0.60, copper 0.60.

Stainlesssteel composition

The purpose of this community and local history resource is to make information about Topsfield accessible via the World Wide Web. Entries will include frequently asked questions, research subjects, and other interesting facts about Topsfield people, places, events, and organizations. Each entry will include sources, suggestions for additional resources, and useful websites.

The original bookcase housing the collection is on display in the Periodicals Room of the Topsfield Town Library (on loan from the Topsfield Historical Society).

All this information is available in Total Materia Horizon, the ultimate materials information and selection tool, providing unparalleled access to over 540,000 materials as well as, curated and updated reference data.

Dow, G. F. (1940). History of Topsfield Massachusetts. Topsfield, Mass. : The Topsfield Historical Society. Reprinted 1982.  View Library Catalog record; read online at the Internet Archive.

High-carbon steels contain between 0.60% and 1.00% carbon, with manganese contents ranging from 0.30% to 0.90%. These steels are typically used for spring materials and high-strength wires.

Barrett, A. (2015). A Look at Topsfield's First Library. TriTown Transcript. 57(45). p. A2. http://topsfield.wickedlocal.com/article/20150113/ENTERTAINMENTLIFE/150119886