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Next, secure the tap into a tap wrench, drill press, or lathe to create the threads. Lubricant or tapping fluid should be used to create the hole. If resistance is felt while tapping, carefully rotate the tap backwards to remove it, as broken taps are exceptionally difficult to remove.

The main cause of tap breakage is unwanted sideways motion when the operator attempts to rotate the tap while simultaneously applying a force not purely parallel to the drill axis. This device discourages this costly error. We advise the use of a sharp, carbide-tipped drill bit to drill out the broken screw. When mounting the tap guide, care should be taken not to overtighten the countersunk mounting screws.

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The items on this webpage can be used to add taps in user-selected locations and repair damaged tapped holes on breadboards and optical tables.

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The following is a general overview of screw threading. For more details regarding specifications and dimensions, please consult the Machinery's Handbook, available for purchase at many bookstores.

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Quoting from the Machinery's Handbook, 29th Edition, p. 1885: "To designate the tolerance class, the grade and position of the pitch diameter is shown first followed by that for the major diameter in the case of the external thread or that for the minor diameter in the case of the internal thread, thus 4g6g for an external thread and 5H6H for an internal thread. If the two grades and positions are identical, it is not necessary to repeat the symbols, thus 4g, alone, stands for 4g4g and 5H, alone, stands for 5H5H."

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The TTT001(/M) Tap Guide is designed to assist in the re-drilling and re-tapping of an optical table or breadboard damaged by broken screws or cross threading. Two countersunk mounting screws (also known as flat head socket cap screws) are supplied for bolting the guide to the existing 1/4"-20- or M6-threaded hole matrix. A toughened, tool-grade steel bushing insert acts as a precise guide for drilling the broken screw out of the damaged hole. Another steel bushing guides the tap into the drilled-out hole, restoring the threads and ensuring that the resulting tapped hole is perpendicular to the work surface.

Thread FormA thread form is a set of rules that define the features' scale relative to one another. Common thread forms include the Unified Screw Thread Form, used in the United States of America and measured in imperial units, and the ISO Metric Screw Thread Form, used in many parts of the world and measured with the International System of Units. There are many thread forms in the Unified screw thread standard designated by either UN, which defines a flat root contour, or UNR, which defines a round root contour. These can be further described by appending more letters. For example, an extremely fine thread with a flat root contour is designated UNEF. Those forms which are not standardized by the Unified screw thread system are designated UNS.

The major diameter is taken from the crests of a thread while the minor diameter is taken from the roots. For most screws, crests and roots do not terminate at a sharp point, so crest and root truncation values are included in the definitions of major and minor diameter. The pitch diameter is approximately halfway between the major and minor diameters.

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Tapping RecommendationsTo tap a hole, first machine a pilot bore, using the table below to find the recommended pilot bore diameter. The bore can be made using a drill bit or an end mill. For fine pitch threads, the pilot bore should be tightly toleranced because of the shallow thread depth; a reamer is also recommended in this case.

Thread ClassThe tolerances and allowances on a thread series are given by a thread class. Unified thread classes are alphanumeric identifiers starting with a number from 1 through 3, where 1 is the loosest tolerance and 3 is the tightest, and either A for external threading or B for internal threading.

Thorlabs' SM Series ThreadsThreading specifications for our SM threads, utilized in our lens tube and cage system components, are given below so that you can machine mating components to suit your application. Most SM series threads utilize a non-standard Unified thread form, indicated by the letters UNS, with a 30° flank angle and a thread class of 2A and 2B. The exception is our SM30 series thread, which is a Metric thread form with a 30° flank angle and a tolerance of 6H/6g. We also offer products with C-Mount and RMS threads, and the specifications for these threads are given below for reference. Please note that other manufacturers may have different tolerances for C-Mount and RMS threads. For other thread specifications that are not listed here, please contact Tech Support.

Thread SeriesMost screws are identified by their thread series. Thread series are denoted by the major diameter and density of threads. Unified threads specify density in threads per inch, while Metric threads specify the thread pitch. For example, in the Unified nomenclature, a 1/4"-20 cap screw has a 1/4" diameter barrel and the pitch is 20 threads per inch (TPI). In metric nomenclature, an M4 x 0.7 cap screw has a 4 mm barrel and the pitch is 1 thread per 0.7 mm. The term M4 x 0.7 is often shortened to just M4.

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This machinist-quality Hand Tap Wrench is ideally suited for everyday tapping requirements. The rugged stainless steel design provides durability and long life, and the crossbar conveniently slides to provide extra torque when required. Ratcheting in either direction can be selected using the knob at the top of the wrench (see photo to the right). The Hand Tap Wrench can accommodate taps as small as #0 or 2 mm and as large as 1/4" or 6 mm.

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If using these specialty taps for production, precision ring and plug gauges should be used to verify hole diameters. For additional details on threading and taps, please consult the Machinery's Handbook, available in many machine shops and bookstores.

The DK3 Drill Bit Kit includes 60 drill bits of standard jobber length. The bits are constructed from high-speed steel and have a 135° point angle. This kit holds the bits in a compact, all-steel index case, with the bit sizes, tap sizes, tap drill sizes, and body drill (clearance) sizes embossed in the case.

These specialty taps aid in the integration of our optomechanical components into your custom-built devices. Our imperial taps selection includes many of the thread standards used by Thorlabs, including our SM05 (0.535"-40) and SM1 (1.035"-40) standards. Please see below for our metric taps.

These specialty taps aid in the integration of our optomechanical components into your custom-built devices. Our metric taps selection includes many of the thread standards used by Thorlabs. Please see above for our imperial taps, as well as taps for our SM05 (0.535"-40) and SM1 (1.035"-40) standards.

Features of a ThreadA thread consists of three repeating features: a crest, flank, and root (see drawing to the right). Except in special cases, threads have symmetrical sides inclined at equal angles when a vertical line is drawn through the center of a crest or root. The distance between corresponding points on adjacent threads is known as the pitch of the thread. The flank angle is defined as the angle the flank makes with a perpendicular ray drawn from the screw axis. Unless otherwise stated, threads have a flank angle of 30°, resulting in a total angle between flanks of 60°. Each feature is shown in the diagram to the right.

Metric threads have a slightly more complex tolerancing method that uses tolerancing grades, designated by a number 3 through 9; and tolerancing positions, which use letters e through h. Grades provide a measure of the tolerance itself: the smaller the number, the tighter the tolerance. Positions denote the distance of the tolerance from the pitch diameter. Uppercase positioning letters indicate internal threads while lowercase positioning letters indicate external threads.