The kinetics of the austenite-to-pearlite transformation obey the Avrami relationship. Using the fraction transformed-time data given here, determine the total time required for \(95 \%\) of the austenite to transform to pearlite: $$\begin{array}{cc} \hline \text {Fraction Transformed} & \text {Time (s)} \\ \hline 0.2 & 280 \\ 0.6 & 425 \\ \hline \end{array}$$

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Briefly cite the differences between pearlite, bainite, and spheroidite relative to microstructure and mechanical properties

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Briefly explain why fine pearlite is harder and stronger than coarse pearlite, which in turn is harder and stronger than spheroidite.

For a eutectoid steel, describe isothermal heat treatments that would be required to yield specimens having the following Brinell hardnesses: (a) \(180 \mathrm{HB}\) (b) \(220 \mathrm{HB}\), and (c) 500 HB.

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Rank the following iron-carbon alloys and associated microstructures from the hardest to the softest: (a) 0.25 wt\% C with coarse pearlite, (b) 0.80 wt\% \(C\) with spheroidite, (c) \(0.25 \mathrm{wt} \% \mathrm{C}\) with spheroidite, and (d) 0.80 wt\% C with fine pearlite. Justify this ranking.