Heat treatment ofstainless steelPDF

Thanks Paul. Whereabout on the site, if you don’t mind me asking? I can find the Tool Poster and the catalogue, but nothing about Feeds and Speeds.

Due to the presence of aluminium and/or titanium in many alloys only the inert gas shielded arc welding processes should be used. Some matching composition filler metals are available, again in aerospace grades such as AMS 5804 and these can be aged to give strengths close to those of the parent metal. Alternatively either austenitic, duplex or nickel based weld filler metals may be used.

Can304stainless steel be hardened

Surely Richard Kopp would not mind. Here is a link to my google drive with the file. Makita Feed & Speed Calculator by Richard Kopp

The family of precipitation hardening stainless steels can be divided into three main types - low carbon martensitic, semi-austenitic and austenitic - typical compositions of some of the steels are given in Table 1.

Hey Kyle - 40-60ipm is reasonable and safe for most hobbyist machines. I’ve pushed mine to 100 so far without any problems. 176 is pretty fast - well outside the speeds capable by the X-Carve, but OF is capable of doing it. I don’t know what the upper limit for speeds. I hope to do some testing and post a video - maybe I’ll target Richard’s numbers to validate (not that I don’t believe them - I just like some comfort that my machine is capable).

Hardened stainless steelvsstainless steel

The precipitation hardening (PH) stainless steels are a family of corrosion resistant alloys some of which can be heat treated to provide tensile strengths of 850MPa to 1700MPa and yield strengths of 520MPA to over 1500MPa - some three or four times that of an austenitic stainless steel such as type 304 or type 316. They are used in the oil and gas, nuclear and aerospace industries where a combination of high strength, corrosion resistance and a generally low but acceptable degree of toughness is required. Precipitation hardening is achieved by the addition of copper, molybdenum, aluminium and titanium either singly or in combination.

How to annealstainless steelwith a torch

I don’t have many bits at the moment, but while playing with the ones I do have, I tried moving from MDF to Hardwood pieces but am unsure how to adjust my speeds and feeds.

I started to build out a reference table, mostly for my Nomad, but didn’t do anything on the Shapeoko, but might go back and do that, as it’ll cross over to the 1F easily. It’s a whole playlist, so be sure to check other videos in the series. 12 & 13 are good starting points too.

How to harden 316stainless steel

Ageing of these alloys occurs at temperatures between 500 to 600°C. The austenitic grades are stable down to room temperature, improvements in strength being from the precipitates formed by ageing at 650 to 750°C. These fully austenitic grades can exhibit good toughness and some may be used at cryogenic temperatures.

PWHT generally comprises a 750°C soak and cool to room temperature to ensure that the steel is 100% martensitic followed by ageing at 550°C. This should give UTS of 900 to 1000MPa, yield strength 800 to 900MPa and ductility of some 15% depending upon the composition of the alloy and the temperature of the ageing heat treatment.

Kyle make sure you watch all the video, it is only 5 minutes long but it is full of all the info you will need to set up your tool database and personalize it. (speeds and feeds on about 4minutes in)

The austenitic-martensitic PH steels are essentially fully austenitic after solution treatment and require a second heat cycle to 750°C/2 hours before cooling to room temperature to form martensite. Some of these alloys need to be refrigerated (-50/-60°C for eight hours) following this heat treatment to ensure full transformation to a stable austenitic/martensitic structure although the two most commonly used alloys, FV520 and 17/7PH, do not require refrigeration to develop optimum properties.

Annealingstainless steel304

The semi-austenitic alloys are generally supplied in the solution treated condition. This means that the steel is fully austenitic and preheat is not generally required although for welding of thick and highly restrained joints a preheat of around 100°C has been found to be helpful. All the common arc welding processes may be used although, as above, TIG (GTAW) will give the best properties.

For alloys containing aluminium, eg 17/7PH, MMA and submerged arc welding should be avoided as a good proportion of the aluminium is lost during welding; inert gas shielded processes are therefore preferred. The weld pool is less fluid than the non-aluminium alloys. Matching composition filler metals for FV520 are readily available but 17/7PH consumables are difficult and expensive to obtain so parent metal sheared from strip is often used for TIG welding. Alternatively a 17/4PH or FV520 filler may be used; a preheat of 100°C is advisable if the 17/4PH filler is used. PWHTs are similar to those used for the martensitic steels but, without a full solution heat treatment and matching filler metal, strengths matching those of the parent metal are unlikely to be achieved.

Martensitic PH steels in the solution-treated condition can be welded with most of the conventional arc welding processes although the best toughness will be achieved with the TIG (GTAW) process as this provides the cleanest weld metal. Even better toughness can be achieved using power beam processes (electron beam or laser welding). Matching filler metals are available for most of the steels in this group enabling matching mechanical properties to be achieved by carrying out a post weld ageing heat treatment.

CNC Feeds and Speeds Calculator Wood CNC Feeds and Speeds Cookbook Italian Olive by Cookwoods.com... Here's your comprehensive guide to CNC Wood Cutting

Can316stainless steel be hardened

If you join the Onefinity CNC Users Group on Facebook, A user Richard Kopp uploaded an excel sheet for Makita Feed & Speed Calculator. Hopefully that will help some.

Would love to see the feed and speed calculator however I do not have a Facebook account. Is this available as a different link not on Facebook?

If a joint is very highly restrained then 17/4PH may fail along the fusion line by a form of reheat cracking during the ageing heat treatment. In these circumstances the component should be welded in the overaged condition and then given a solution heat treatment followed by the PWHT described below. Austenitic filler metals such as 308L or, for higher weld metal strength, a duplex filler metal such as 2205, can be used where lower strength joints can be tolerated or cracking due to high restraint is a problem. PWHT is not possible if a duplex filler metal is used or recommended for austenitic weld metal due to embrittlement.

I think what I am battling to grasp is what would be considered a fast Feed Rate on the Onefinity. I’ve seen videos where they refer to 40-50 ipm as a conservative speed - so that is what I planned on using. However, when going through Richard Kopps Makita Calculator , I see that his examples referring to an 1/8 inch 2 flute End Mill - He suggests 12k RPM at 132 ipm or 16k RPM at 176ipm (For Ply or MDF), in order to obtain the correct Chip load for that bit .

As is apparent, the metallurgy of these steels can be complex and if there is any doubt concerning welding or heat treatment the advice of specialists should be sought.

Here’s an article that I think might be of interest to many of you. I think it does a good job of explaining the concepts. I don’t have any connection or financial interest in the company making the post, but I subscribe to his email list because I have found many of his posts interesting.

I am looking for a comprehensive guide on how to set my Spindle speed, Feed Rate and Plunge rate for various materials - or as a rule of thumb, how these figures vary between MDF, Softwoods and Hardwoods.

Maintaining a very high interpass temperature results in the entire weld transforming to martensite on cooling to room temperature and the volume change that occurs when this happens can then lead to a form of quench cracking. The stress raising effect of the notch in the root of fillet welds and partial penetration butt welds has been found to cause cracking. Provided the reduction in strength can be tolerated, a Tp308L root pass can be used to solve this problem. It has also been found that 17/4PH castings may form HAZ hot cracks during welding; for cast items the copper content is therefore limited to 3% maximum.

Can stainless steel be hardenedat home

For best weldability it is recommended that all three types of alloys are supplied in the annealed, solution treated or overaged condition. Alloys in the form of sheet or strip may be in a cold worked condition and weldability is seriously compromised. As with many precipitation hardening alloys, achieving mechanical properties in the weld and HAZs to match those of the parent material is a problem. Even with matching welding consumables, a full solution treatment and age hardening the maximum strength of a joint in the semi-austenitic and austenitic alloys is likely to be only some 90% of that of the base metal.

It is recommended that the fully austenitic PH steels are welded in the solution treated condition; a water or oil quench from around 980°C. The ageing process is very sluggish, requiring some 15 hours at 720°C to develop full strength and this means that the HAZ is virtually unchanged from the parent metal. Optimum strength can therefore be developed during the post-weld ageing treatment. These steels, like the austenitic stainless steels, are insensitive to cold cracking and do not require to be pre-heated. They are, however, very sensitive to hot cracking due to them being fully austenitic. This makes the welding of thick sections problematic and requires the welding conditions to be very closely controlled with low heat input, small weld beads and interpass temperature controlled to less than 150°C.

This might be helpful - and hopefully not too against the grain - but Carbide 3D (Winston Moy) did a series for cutting different materials for their machines (Shapeoko and Nomad). Its still a good starting point for those new.

The martensite in these steels is relatively soft due to the low carbon content so preheat is not generally necessary although for thick, (above 25mm) highly restrained joints, a preheat of around 100°C has been found to be useful in reducing the risk of cracking. Because of the low temperature at which these steels transform to martensite a maximum interpass temperature of 200°C is recommended.

The martensitic PH steels, of which 17/4PH is the most common, transform to martensite at low temperatures, typically around 250°C, and are further strengthened by ageing at between 480 and 620°C.

I did forget i did this. I did not use this for speeds and feeds but i did load it into my v carve for tool dimensions for whiteside bits https://www.whitesiderouterbits.com/ gave me a starting point for bitsbits downloads section

Feeds and Speeds: The Definitive Guide (Updated for 2022) If you're serious about CNC, you NEED to optimize your Feeds and Speeds. Why? Because feeds and

Aerospace alloys such as AMS 5858, equivalent to A286, have been produced with improved weldability. The 17/10P grade is particularly sensitive and cannot be welded with matching fillers; a type 312 (29Cr/9Ni) filler gives the best chance of success, although hot cracking in the HAZ may still occur.