The rate of material removal, but also the power requirements and the finish quality of the surface are determined by the feed rate and the cutting speed. They are mostly determined by the material that’s being cut. Softer material need lower cutting speeds. Harder cutting tool material need higher cutting speeds.

High Strength Steel Carbon .25% Manganese 1.65% Phosphorous .04% Sulfur .05% Silicon .12% Nickel 2.5% Chromium .8%  Adding alloys to steel yield higher strength, more wear-resistant metals. James Eads used alloy steel in the construction of a bridge across the Mississippi River -- the first steel bridge built in America.

Steel composition percentageformula

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Phosphorus (P): Phosphorus is a poisonous, nonmetallic element that helps protect metal surfaces from corrosion. Atomic number 15, atomic weight 30.9738.

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Cutting speed vc in m/min:Speed of a tool (cutter) when cutting normally in m/min. The cutting speed depends on the material. Typical values range from 50 to 500 m/min. It is the speed of a rotating tooth! and we get it from tables. If needed it can be calculated with the diameter of the tool d in mm and the spindle speed n in RPM (Revolutions Per Minute): vc = (d·π·n)/1000. With a maximum spindle speed of 20000 1/min we get: vc = d·63 m/min. This shows, that we can get a higher speed rate by choosing a bigger diameter of our tool.

In the following table (sorotec.de) we find the tooth feed in mm/tooth for spiral toothed cutter (solid carbide, fishtail, upcut-spiral, 3,175mm (1/8")).

Steel composition percentagechart

Silicon (Si): Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust and can be found in rocks, sand and clay. It acts as a deoxidizer in steel production. Atomic number 14, atomic weight 28.086.

Stainlesssteel composition percentage

Cast Iron Carbon 3.5% Manganese .5% Phosphorous .13% Sulfur .13% Silicon 1.2% Cast iron contains high levels of carbon, which makes it a hard, brittle metal. Cast iron was commonly used throughout Europe to make church bells and, in colonial America, pots and pans.

Nickel (Ni): Nickel is a hard, metallic element that found in igneous rocks. Without nickel, stainless steel would be less resistant to heat and corrosion. Atomic number 28, atomic weight 58.71.

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Chromium (Cr): Chromium, a metallic element, is found in the earth's crust. It is used in the production of stainless steel to make the steel resistant to oxidation and corrosion. Atomic number 24, atomic weight 51.996.

Steelchemical formula

Tooth feed fz in mm/tooth:Also chip load (cpt: chip per tooth) is the amount of material, which should be removed by each tooth of the cutter as it rotates and advances into the work.

Chemicalcompositionofsteelgrades

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Steelis an alloy of

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Plain Steel Carbon 1.35% Manganese 1.65% Phosphorous .04% Sulfur .05% Silicon .06% During the early 20th century, new processes in steel production allowed steel to surpass iron as the most widely used structural metal. Its great strength and affordability allowed craftsmen to construct sturdier bridges and higher buildings.

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Steeluses

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Wrought Iron Carbon .035% Manganese .075% Phosphorous .075% Sulfur .1% Silicon - .1% Wrought iron is a strong, durable metal with a low carbon content. Items such as locks, bolts, tools, and fences are crafted out of this metal. Wrought iron bars were also sold and traded to be later converted into steel or cast iron.

Carbon (C): Carbon, a nonmetallic element, forms a number of organic and inorganic compounds and can be found in coal, petroleum and limestone. It is the principle strengthening element in carbon steels and low-alloy steels. Atomic number 6, atomic weight 12.01115.

Sulfur (S): Sulfur is a nonmetallic element found mainly in volcanic and sedimentary deposits. Sulfur, in the form of iron sulfide, can cause steel to be too porous and prone to cracking. Atomic number 16, atomic weight 32.064.

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Hill saw the potential of unsettled lands, and understood what settlers would need to make their communities thrive. By fulfilling their needs, he would allow both the region and his railroad to prosper.

With our 20000 RPM we get a feed rate of 20000·2·0.01 = 400 mm/min for a 1 mm cutter in wood or 1200 mm/min for a 3 mm cutter.

Iron is the main ingredient in various forms of iron and steel, but the various types of metals contain other elements as well. Sometimes these elements are unwanted; other times they're intentionally added.

When Black neighborhoods across America erupted in violence in the summer of 1967, President Johnson appointed a commission to find the cause for the unrest. Their findings offered an unvarnished assessment of American race relations.

First we need to calculate the rotation speed in RPM with the following formula (n = rotation speed in RPM, vc = cutting speed in m/min, d = diameter in mm)

We get 500 m/min. This gives us a speed for the cutter resp. our spindle of 500000/3.1415 = 159160 RPM (revolutions/min) if we use an 1 mm tool. Ok, here is a problem! The max. speed of my spindle is 20000 RPM! So we stay with 20000 RPM for the next formula to calculate the feed speed:

Stainlesssteel composition

Stainless Steel Carbon .08% Manganese 2% Phosphorous .04% Sulfur .03% Silicon .75% Nickel 8% Chromium 18%  From spoons to blenders, cars to trains, stainless steel, with its sleek, shiny surface, can glorify even the most simple of gadgets. In addition to its aesthetic appeal, the light weight and strength of stainless make it ideal for transportation.

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Manganese (Mn): Manganese is a brittle, metallic element that exists in the ore of pyrolusite. When making steel, it reacts with sulfur and helps to increase the metal's resistance to heat. Atomic number 25, atomic weight 54.9380.

The table gives only rough values! to be able to calculate the feed rates. Optimum feed rate will be determined from experience. A good approach is to start off with half of the calculated feed rate and gradually increased to the capacity of the machine and the finish desired.

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