Machinists face a bewildering number of choices when selecting a reamer. Shell, Rose, Hand, Taper, Structural…it's an extensive list. For most applications, however, CNC and manual machinists will use either a Machine reamer or a Chucking reamer, in that order. Expandable reamers are another option, especially for larger holes (say anything above 3/4" or so) or where it’s difficult to achieve the proper hole size. And as you’ll see, modular reaming systems with replaceable heads have become an attractive option over recent years.

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FluteMain FeaturesOur Recommendation ConcertThe most widely used flute, this flute is tuned to the key of C and is perfect for use in jazz bands, marching bands, and flute ensembles.Yamaha YFL212 Student Model Flute Curved head concertThis flute is also tuned to C, but this time it has a curved head, which is perfect for smaller players.Curved Head Student Flute by Gear4music PiccoloOne of the smallest flutes, this is half the size of a concert flute and is tuned to the key of C. However, it plays an octave above the standard concert flute.Student Piccolo by Gear4music Open hole concert variantsBetter suited to experienced players due to the open hole feature. This is the perfect flute for players looking to apply extended techniques.Powell Sonaré 101 Series Flute, Open Hole AltoProvides a rich and mellow tone and uses the same finger placing as a C flute, but is tuned to G.Pearl PFA-201ESU Alto Flute with Curved & Straight Headjoints BassTuned to the key of C, the Bass flute had a soft dynamic range, suited to small ensembles and choirs.Trevor James Performer Bass Flute, Silver Lip & Riser ContrabassIdeal for flute ensembles, this flute is tuned to the key of C and is better suited to experienced players as it needs more air to be played. Subcontrabass Like the contrabass, this flute is perfect for flute ensembles and is one of the largest flutes, measuring over 4.6 m long. Double contrabassThis is the second-lowest flute and features an extremely powerful tonality. Whilst they're great for ensembles, contrabass flutes are rare. BaroqueThese flutes are traditionally made from wood, although many modern baroque flutes are constructed from resin.Aulos AF1 Traverso Grenser Flute

The Baroque period was a time of musical innovation and experimentation, and the Baroque flute was an integral part of that artistic movement. Unlike modern flutes with their cylindrical tubes and metal bodies, Baroque flutes were made of wood and had a conical shape. This unique design gave the flute a warm and mellow tone that was loved by composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel.

Flutes only began looking like the way we know them today after German instrument manufacturer Theobald Boehm introduced a new type of flute in 1847. This boasted a new mechanism and fingering system and was made from metal.

The sub-contrabass flute, often referred to as the hyperbass, is the largest and lowest-pitched instrument in the flute family, with a range extending from Ab0 to Eb3. This impressive instrument measures over 4.6 meters long, making it the largest in the flute ensemble.

Although a properly applied reamer can provide excellent hole quantity and accuracy within a few ten-thousandths of an inch—and do so very quickly—some caveats exist. Perhaps the most notable of these is the well-known adage that “reamers follow the hole.” This means that any runout or drift during the drilling operation will remain after reaming. It’s for this reason that properly preparing the hole beforehand is crucial.

In terms of sound, piccolo flutes produce a high pitch (D5 -C8) – an octave higher than a concert flute. They’re best suited to marching bands and orchestral music, often being the highest-sounding instrument in an orchestra.

Playing the Baroque flute requires a delicate touch and precise control, meaning it’s suited to experienced flautists who want to try something a bit different to the standard flute, something more historical.

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One of its most significant features is the split E mechanism, which allows players to produce the often challenging top E with ease no matter whether you’re rehearsing or under the pressure of live performance.

The KenReam™ S solid carbide reamer provides the highest feed rates, maximum chip control and best surface quality in steels and cast iron.

The bass flute is particularly suited to jazz and classical music, but in all honesty, it’s great for anyone who simply enjoys its unique, rich sound. It’s often used in small ensembles, contributing a beautiful depth to the harmony.

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The difference between a flipple flute and a transverse flute is that fipple flutes are held vertically to the floor whilst a transverse flute is played parallel, held to the side.

Originally, the piccolo flute was created from wood, glass, and ivory, though nowadays they’re made from resin, nickel silver, and silver. Higher-end piccolo flutes can be made from wood.

And it’s not just in military contexts that you’ll find the fife, it is also a popular choice in folk music, providing a lively accompaniment for dances.

All modern-day concert flutes are constructed from metal, you’ll often find a nickel silver alloy used for cheaper flutes, while more expensive flutes are made from higher quality metals such as 9.25/9.85 silver and gold. You’ll also find that a concert flute’s holes are covered with keys, each with pads fitted underneath to help seal the hole when pressed down.

A member of the woodwind family, flutes are one of the oldest instruments in the world. They’re a popular part of any orchestral ensemble and are ideal for players of all different sizes and abilities which is, perhaps, why many musicians started playing the flute at a young age!

The bass flute is a stunning and unique instrument that has a rich and booming sound. It’s easy to recognise due to its elongated body and deep resonating pitch, and unlike a traditional flute, this particular variant has a range of three octaves, allowing you to reach those low notes.

If you’re a budding saxophonist, you’ll want an instrument that ensures your learning journey is as seamless as possible. Entry-level saxophones often have responsive keys and an easy blowing response – among other features – that improve playability. They also tend to come with handy accessories such as mouthpieces or bags and cases – making for a convenient beginner’s package.

One inventive soul even suggested packing the flute space behind the cutting edges with wooden matches, while another noted that reamers are like spouses: sometimes it takes a while to find the right one. We at Kennametal can't comment on this last bit of advice, but do have plenty of other recommendations, none of which involve wooden matches or running the tool in reverse (another “helpful” suggestion).

Possibly one of the most recognisable forms of flute, the concert flute is used in flute ensembles, military bands, marching bands, and jazz bands. The concert flutes that we know today are based on flutes that were developed by Theobald Boehm in the nineteenth century.

Pitched in the key of C, the bass flute features a J-shaped head joint and stands at approximately 146cm in length. It’s striking in its design and certainly very eye-catching – plus, the distinctive build contribute to the soft dynamic range of its sound.

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A flute produces sound when air strikes across the embouchure hole; from here, you control the pitch of the flute by covering holes.

Normally made from bamboo and reeds, these flutes feature tubes of various lengths, each of which is meticulously tuned to a fundamental frequency. This arrangement results in an enchanting spectrum of musical notes, allowing the panpipes to play a significant role in a range of music genres, from folk to classical.

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The bansuri flute has deep roots in India and Nepal, with a history steeped in ancient tradition. This side-blown flute is traditionally crafted from a single bamboo stalk – a simple yet charming design- and features six or seven finger holes to generate soothing sounds with wonderful projection.

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The dizi flute, often referred to as a Chinese transverse flute, is an instrument that has been deep-rooted in Chinese music for many centuries. Crafted from bamboo, the dizi flute is capable of producing an extensive range of sounds, from gentle soothing melodies to bright, loud, and lively notes.

Types of flutes with names

But what is reaming, anyway? Simply put, a reamer is a multi-tooth, rotary cutting tool that removes relatively small amounts of material along its leading edges as it passes. It is considered a finishing tool, and requires a pre-drilled hole of a specific diameter to function properly. Straight-flute and helical designs are available, as are so-called left-hand and right-hand versions of the latter (more on this shortly).

This flute’s distinctive feature is the membrane hole covered by a delicate tissue that vibrates when played, generating a unique resonance. Although traditionally associated with classical Chinese music, the Dizi flute’s versatility means it’s also used in contemporary music.

Flutes are played horizontally, making them transverse instruments, and are usually constructed from metal… usually – they can be made of wood or bone!

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It’s traditionally made of wood, but more modern Baroque flutes are also crafted from resin, which is a more affordable alternative. Its octave range extends from D to A, but one of its more distinctive features is the varying size of the holes. This diversity in size not only affects the tuning but also adds to the unique tone and timbre of the Baroque flute.

Playability is also at the forefront of this flute’s design, featuring an offset G and split E mechanism that promotes a more natural hand shape and comfortable playability.

When it comes to tonality, flutes have a clear and bright sound with a subtle warmth to them. The first flutes, which date back to as early as the sixteenth century, were more like recorders. Interestingly, early flutes didn’t feature keys, rather, they featured only open holes.

Most open-hole flutes come complete with silicone or plastic plugs, which let you transition from an open-hole to a closed-hole design.

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In no particular order, here are a few other factors to think about when preparing for or troubleshooting your next reaming operation:

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Historically, the piccolo has the same keys as the baroque flute (we’ll discuss this type of flute further down the list). Unlike the concert flute, the piccolo flute has small tone holes that are closer together, and it’s slimmer in build – making it slightly higher in pitch.

The beauty of the harmonica is that it’s easy to practise with – it’s about the size of your hand and you can pick it up and take it with you anywhere. But the techniques can take time to master – which is why we’re here to teach you how to play the harmonica.

This flute is not only designed for ensemble performances, where its distinctive tone can add depth and complexity to the overall sound, but also shines as a solo instrument.

Originating from Europe and the Middle East, the fife is deeply ingrained in military and marching bands, with its high-pitched notes cutting through the air and setting the beat for military parades. It’s traditionally crafted from wood and boasts six finger holes, but modern variations of the fife have evolved to incorporate ten holes for a wider range of sounds.

Open-hole concert flutes have the same C scale as their closed-hole counterparts, however, the open-hole feature presents sharper tones that are much better vented. They’re also typically made from a range of metals, including silver-plated nickel-silver alloy.

The fife flute is a high-pitched wind instrument similar to the piccolo, with a tonal range of C4 to C7 (and sometimes extending to F7), creating a powerful sound despite its small size which is just slightly longer than the piccolo.

Flutes date back to the 16th century, and now they’re seen in all kinds of ensembles, from jazz bands to flute choirs. There are many different types of flutes that make it a versatile instrument for these various applications; aside from the popular concert flute, we have a curved head concert flute and the lesser-known Bansuri flute, among many more.

Crafted with silver-plated hardware and an ABS finish, the instrument gleams with a lovely shine. The durable ABS resin then assures longevity, allowing you to focus on honing your musical skills for years to come.

Alto flutes can be crafted from various materials, including nickel silver or pure silver, each contributing to the instrument’s unique tonal quality. The alto’s range extends from G3 to G6, with an altissimo register reaching up to Db7. This range offers a world of expression for the player, from deep, resonant lows to soaring highs.

Flutes are considered to be one of the oldest instruments in the world. Created 35,000 years ago, they were originally made from wood and looked more like a recorder.

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Plus, it’s usually decorated with intricate designs and patterns, echoing not only the meticulous beauty of Japanese culture but also the ethereal sound it produces.

In a perfect world, the result is a straight, round hole with a fine surface finish and predictable size control. Unfortunately, we don't live in this world, and as with any machining operation, numerous factors can hamper success. As noted earlier, reamers tend to “follow the hole,” and if the drill walks, so will the reamer. Here’s another instance where solid carbide reamers have an advantage, as they are less prone to deflection, but to mitigate hole walk as much as possible, follow the spot drilling and chamfering advice already given; if that’s not sufficient, some machinists will use a boring bar or end mill to "true the hole" a diameter or two deep (and slightly undersize) before reaming.

Opinions also vary when it comes to cutting fluid, but whether your shop uses neat oil, synthetic, or water-soluble emulsion, it should be clean and well-maintained. For those with through-the-tool capabilities, by all means use it, even though this might mean upgrading to a solid carbide or modular-style reamer. That statement holds true for high-pressure coolant (HPC) as well, which can spell the difference between success and failure in many machining applications, reaming included.

Better still, this is a great flute for achieving natural hand positioning with the offset G mechanism, allowing for comfortable play.

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There are many different types of flute, all from various parts of the world, some with a deep-rooted tradition and national identity. Whether you’re a flautist or just interested in woodwind music, we hope this article has shown you just how vast this family of instruments is.

The panpipes, also known as pan flutes, were developed in Greece and have a rich history that dates back centuries. Named after the Greek god ‘Pan’, the patron of nature, these unique musical instruments exude a beautiful, haunting sound.

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The Pearl PFA-201ESU Alto Flute is a great flute if you’re looking to play a variety of playing styles at an intermediate level.

While we have a few guides already on our blog about clarinets, we’re yet to discuss what to do once you actually have one! So, in this guide, we’ll discuss our top picks of easy clarinet songs that are great to add to your repertoire.

Tuned to C, the concert flute has a range of three octaves (C4 – C7). They suit a wide variety of playing genres, from pop to classical. and many well-known bands and artists, such as Men at Work and Focus have also previously incorporated flutes into their music. Plus, as this is the standard size of flute, it’s great for flautists of any ability level.

There’s more. Modifying the reamer’s chamfer amount and angle can help address challenging hole conditions and materials, although this must be done in a precise manner using specialized tool grinding equipment. Similarly, it’s important to inspect reamers before use. Check for chipping and wear, and replace the tool sooner rather than later. And if you run into trouble, don’t hesitate to reach out for help. Kennametal has dozens of metal removal experts available, ready to lend a hand with this and other machining applications.

There's also the programming to consider. CNC machinists using FANUC or compatible controls (which is most of them) have several options. For CNC lathes, a simple G01 command is all that's needed, feeding into the workpiece at the recommended rate and then retracting with a G00 rapid traverse command or an accelerated feedrate. CNC machining centers can use this same approach, although the G85 or G86 boring cycles are another option. The latter of these stops the spindle when the tool reaches full depth and then rapids out, while G85 feeds in and out at the same feedrate. Experiment with each and see what provides the best results for your application, but in no case should you peck the reamer as you would a non-coolant fed drill.

There’s no shortage of questions about hole reaming in online machining forums and message boards. The machinists and hobbyists posting these shout-outs complain about chatter, poor surface finish, tool breakage, oversized hole diameters, and other reaming woes, making it seem as though this common machining practice is exceedingly difficult and time-consuming. The helpful folks responding to these questions offer a wide range of suggestions, including:

The smallest type of orchestral flute is the piccolo flute, which is almost half the size of a standard size of flute. This flute type also features the highest notes of all orchestral flutes.

The contrabass flute is another unique type that’s known for its deep and resonant notes. Again, it’s pitched in the key of C, two octaves lower than the conventional concert flute, creating a gorgeously rich sound that adds depth to any performance.

The double contrabass, also known as the octobass, is the second lowest flute and is known for its sheer size and depth of sound. Originally developed in the 19th century, the double contrabass has a unique timbre that has made it a favourite of experimental composers and performers looking to push the boundaries of what is possible with sound.

The piccolo flute is one of the smallest flute types available. At half the size of a normal flute, a common nickname for the piccolo flute is the ‘’baby flute’’. Made in the key of C, this type has been used by renowned composers, including Mozart in his composition “Idomeneo”. Piccolo flutes are also available with a split E mechanism, allowing for a much more responsive tone.

Some alto flutes have a choice of straight and curved head joints, allowing you to play the one that’s most comfortable for you.

With pointed braces on keys, it guarantees strong and responsive key action so you can always be assured that it will produce the tones accurately.

Also like concert flutes, curved head flutes are made from metal, such as nickel silver alloy, with finishes such as nickel silver and silver plating.

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The flute’s responsivity, combined with its clear and rich tonality, ensures a reliable tone that suits a variety of genres – great for students who are just discovering their style.

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When your instrument has been successfully cleaned, it’s also worth investing in a dryer pad. Something like the BG Flute, Clarinet, Bassoon and Oboe Pad Dryer is a great way to add the finishing sparkle to your flute, with a lint-free construction to minimise dust and debris on your instrument.

The curved head convert flute is similar to the concert but, instead of a straight head joint, it features a – you guessed it – curved head joint. This allows you to easily reach the keys, making it ideal for smaller players. Due to its smaller sizing and easy playability, the curved-head concert flute is popular with younger players just starting out.

Because of its size, the sub-contrabass flute produces a vast range of melodies and tones, and it’s often used in flute ensembles to create a deep, resonant base that complements the higher-pitched flutes.

Though it is a prime choice in Indian classical music, this alluring instrument has become increasingly popular in Western music, too.

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You’ll also need a stand to hold your flute when it’s not in use. Stands such as the Flute Stand by Gear4music ensure no damage comes to your flute as it holds the flute upright rather than on its side.

As the name suggests, the headjoint is the top of the flute. It’s home to the embouchure hole, in which air is injected. The body is where the keys are situated; these determine the sound of the flute, and the foot joint allows it to reach lower pitches – adding extra length and keys to the flute itself.

In this article, we take a look at the different types of flutes, discussing their history, construction, and what genres and ensembles they’re suited to.

This piccolo is designed to offer a smooth, consistent tone, courtesy of its narrow body. It provides accurate intonation and a rich low register.

Despite its dark and distinctive tone, the contrabass flute is actually quite difficult to play as it requires a greater volume of air to play than the standard concert, meaning it’s more suited to intermediate and professional players who have honed their breath control skills.

If you want to pick up the piccolo but you’re a beginner, it’s worth bearing in mind that the piccolo flute is incredibly challenging to play compared to standard concert flutes as it requires a strong air stream. They’re more popular with intermediate and professional players than those who are just starting out.

This flute has a silver-plated body and keys, and it radiates a captivating shimmer to enchant both the eyes and the ears. Its ergonomically designed body is designed to ensure a comfortable grip for long performances and rehearsals.

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The vessel flute was invented in Italy in 1853 and embraces a different take on flute design. Its body, a spherical shell, acts as a resonator topped with carefully positioned finger and air holes that allow you to create a variety of pitches and melodies. This Italian innovation has since become a beloved instrument worldwide, cherished for its delightful sound and charming, unconventional design.

Some curved head flutes come with a straight head, allowing you to adapt your flute throughout your playing journey – pretty handy! And like the concert flute, it’s tuned to C. In fact, it sounds just like the concert flute and is used in a variety of ensembles.

The ney flute, with its rich history and unique sound, has its roots in Egypt, though variations of it can be found in Persian and Turkish cultures as well. Persian neys are traditionally designed with six holes and are played horizontally, whilst Egyptian and Turkish types have seven holes and are played in an upright position.

Lastly, keeping your instrument clean is also vital – this will make it run smoothly and sound the best it can be. There are many different cleaning tools. Some are in the form of a cleaning rod, such as the Flute Maintenance Care Kit by Gear4music; some are brushes, such as the HW Flute Pad Saver Pad; and others are swabs, like the BG Alto Sax, Bass Clarinet, Bass Flute Silk Cleaning Swab.

Also known as French flutes, open-hole variants are, as the name suggests, flutes with holes in the keys. They’re best suited to experienced players as they need to be played with accuracy. Due to the open-hole design, this kind of flute allows you to use a range of techniques, such as slide and embouchure control.

Whilst delivering incredibly low tones, this flute measures an impressive 5.5 metres in length. And much like the contrabass, this flute is pitched to the key of C. Typically constructed from PVC, its wider bore delivers a supremely broad tone.

Its robust nickel-silver body is built to endure the test of time and regular usage, allowing you to practise your way to playing perfection. Renowned for its sound quality, the YFL212 boasts of a double flare taper that facilitates a quick response across a variety of tonal registers.

The alto flute was first constructed in 1850 and introduced by Boehm. It carries a rich and mellow tone, setting it apart from its flute relatives, but it does use the same fingerings as the C flute, making it a smoother transition for those familiar with the latter. Like the piccolo, the alto flute requires more breath, demanding greater diaphragm control and stamina from the player.

The Japanese flute, the shinobue, is also steeped in tradition. It stands out with its distinctive melodic capabilities, ranging from peaceful, serene tunes to more lively, rhythmic beats. This kind of flute is short in length, but high in pitch, creating beautifully piercing tones. Because of this, coupled with the shinobue’s adaptability, it can be used in a variety of different musical styles, from traditional folk music to modern arrangements.

Machinists must also decide whether to use carbide or high-speed steel (HSS) reamers. The latter is perfectly fine for softer materials such as aluminum and plastic, and in limited production runs where tool life is less of a concern. For all else, carbide-tipped, modular, or solid carbide tools are preferred. Some cutting tool providers (Kennametal is one) also offer reamers with brazed polycrystalline diamond (PCD) tips; though more expensive than the alternatives, these high-performance tools are ideal for higher volume work in abrasive materials like high silicon aluminum, carbon fiber composites, and certain glass-filled polymers.

Opinions vary on this next part. Some will argue that reamers should made to run perfectly true in the toolholder using a dial indicator and a few gentle nudges with a plastic mallet or piece of brass, which is good advice for any rotary tool. Others suggest that the reamer's going to follow the hole regardless, so a floating toolholder should be used, which allows the reamer to "go its own way.” Kennametal's recommendation is to use a floating holder where misalignment is present, but to select a high-quality collet chuck, shrink-fit, or hydraulic toolholder for minimal runout in all other cases. Don't use a drill chuck or side-lock holder.

The most common type of flute is the concert flute. These flutes are suited to players of all abilities, with curved neck options for smaller players and open-holed variants for professional and advanced players.

Firstly, keeping your flute protected is a must and it’s best to invest in a soft case like the Gator Adagio Series EPS Lightweight Case for Flute. This ensures that your flute will withstand transportation between rehearsal and performance, protecting against any bumps or scrapes.