The annual Conference on Composites, Materials, and Structures (also known as the Cocoa Beach Conference) is the preeminent export controlled and ITAR restricted forum in the United States to review and discuss advances in materials for extreme environments. The Conference started in the 1970s as a small informal gathering for government and industry to share information on programs and state-of-the-art technology. Attendance has grown to nearly 500 people while preserving this same objective to share needs and trends in high-temperature and extreme environment materials, and the latest information on advanced materials and manufacturing processes. The five-day conference program includes two to three parallel sessions per day on topics including thermal protection materials, ceramic matrix composites, carbon-carbon materials, ballistic technologies, hypersonics, and gas turbine engines. Attendees are engineers, scientists, managers, and operational personnel from the turbine engine, aviation, missiles and space, and protective equipment communities. These communities include the Navy, Air Force, Army, MDA, NASA, DARPA, FAA, DOE, engine manufacturers, missile and aircraft manufacturers, commercial space companies, and material and component suppliers. Participation is limited to U.S. Citizens and U.S. Permanent Residents only with an active DD2345 certification.

Arris presents mechanical testing results of an Arris-designed natural fiber thermoplastic composite in comparison to similarly produced glass and carbon fiber-based materials.

Explore the cutting-edge composites industry, as experts delve into the materials, tooling, and manufacturing hurdles of meeting the demands of the promising advanced air mobility (AAM) market. Join us at CW Tech Days to unlock the future of efficient composites fabrication operations.

The biggest change, according to Mark Mauhar of Carbon Conversions, is that suppliers now want to be part of the solution. “Prior to two years ago we’d get multiple calls a week from suppliers about getting rid of scrap, but no interest in using the material,” he says. “Now, people are starting to walk the walk. Only recently, we are finally starting to see potential customers of reclaimed carbon fiber spend significant resources in cutting molding tools, building prototypes and mock-ups, solving process issues — all activities that are well down the line in terms of commercial adoption.”

Powered by an 85% air/15% pure polyimide aerogel, Blueshift’s novel material system protects structures during transient thermal events from -200°C to beyond 2400°C for rockets, battery boxes and more.

Zacatecas City has a cold semi-arid climate (BSk, according to the Köppen climate classification), with an average annual temperature of 15.7 °C (60 °F). Freezing temperatures are not uncommon, especially in January and February. During the winter of 2017–2018, Zacatecas municipality reached temperatures that haven't been reached in several years as 10 °F or −12 °C with a wind chill of 3 °F or −16 °C, although the coldest temperature occurred in Fresnillo which its another city close to Zacatecas City, where the temperature dropped to 3 °F or −15 °C with a wind chill of −2 °F or −20 °C.[2] Most rain falls between June and September,[2] and there is a defined winter.[1] Principal wild vegetation is that adapted to dry areas such as nopals, mesquite, maguey and grasses, with pines and holm oaks in the higher elevations. Wildlife includes coyotes, grey foxes, bobcats, opossums, rabbits, raccoons, other small mammals as well as variety of small birds and reptiles.[2]

RNG/CNG fuel system installations with Type 4 CFRP pressure vessels, powered by Cummins’ 15-liter natural gas tank, adds 230,000 heavy-duty trucks to the addressable RNG/CNG market annually.

In relation to its population, Zacatecas is one of the cities with the most museums in the nation.[21] The Pedro Coronel Museum is located in the old monastery of the Santo Domingo church, which also housed the former Jesuit college of San Luis Gonzaga.[1] San Luis was famous throughout Latin America for the quality of his teaching (one pupil of this college was Father Antonio Núñez de Miranda, the spiritual father of Juana Inés de la Cruz, the Mexican poet). Following the expulsion of the Jesuits and a brief interlude in the hands of the Dominicans, the college was converted successively into a barracks, a prison and a warehouse before being restored in 1981.[6] The museum is mostly dedicated to the works of Zacatecas painter Pedro Coronel as well as works by others that he collected. The archive includes works by Pablo Picasso, Dalí, Miró, Braque, Chagall, Basarelli, Eduardo Degas and Hogart.[3][21] There are also halls dedicated to works from Africa, India, Egypt, China and Greece.[3] The museum also contains an important collection of medals and 25,000 volumes which made up the libraries of the old convents (including 15,000 from Our Lady of Guadalupe alone).[6] Most of these are in the Elías Armador Historical Library, which contains over 20,000 volumes.[17]

The El Edén mine began operations in 1586 and principally produced gold and silver.[9] According to legend the devil is supposed to be found in this parts due to the sound made when the wind whistles around the rocks.[19] While operations began in the 16th century, its peak was reached in the 17th and 18th centuries.[9] Despite the fact that there is still a significant amount of minerals left to extract, mining operations ceased in 1960, because the entrance is located in the middle of the city making this too hazardous.[4][9] In 1975, the mine was converted into a tourist attraction.[9] Today, visitors can take a small train which leads into the mountain for about a half a kilometer, then walk with a guide along some of the narrow passages. One of the things to see is an altar to the Santo Niño de Atocha.[5][20] At night, the former rock crushing room of the mine has been converted into a nightclub.[5][18]

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CompositesWorld’s CW Tech Days: Infrastructure event offers a series of expert presentations on composite materials, processes and applications that should and will be considered for use in the infrastructure and construction markets.

Increasingly, prototype and production-ready smart devices featuring thermoplastic composite cases and other components provide lightweight, optimized sustainable alternatives to metal.

Stuttgart-based company offers carbon, metal and ceramic fiber-based papers and nonwovens in various areal weights and thicknesses, engineered for high-temperature, sustainable application requirements.

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The cathedral is attributed to Domingo Ximénez Hernández and is a testament to the wealth that the city had in the 18th century.[7] Later on, additions were made. The dome was rebuilt in 1848 and the south tower was completed in 1904, by Dámaso Muñetón. The 19th-century dome is an imitation of the dome of the Church of Loreto in Mexico City. The church achieved cathedral status in 1862, and was declared a national monument in 1935. In 1965, the building was robbed of many of its precious metal items, which were never recovered.[6][23]

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“It pays to be smart about where you put it in automotive,” he says. “Picking specific parts on specific models of cars that make sense.”

Zacatecas was one of the richest states in Mexico. One of the most important mines from the colonial period is the El Edén mine. It began operations in 1586 in the Cerro de la Bufa. It principally produced gold and silver with most of its production occurring in the 17th and 18th centuries. Today, the opening of this mine is within the city limits and was closed to mining in 1960. It was reopened as a tourist attraction in 1975.[9] By the end of the 16th century, the city was the second most important, after Mexico City, and the income its mines produced for the Spanish Crown made it one of the most powerful in Europe.[1][8] Its importance was not only due to mining. Most of the mendicant religious orders in New Spain eventually established monasteries, making Zacatecas an important center for evangelization. The Franciscans arrived in 1558, the Augustinians in 1576 and the Dominicans in 1604.[2] Many of the missionary expeditions to what are now California and Texas came from this city.[6]

The Summit consists of a range of 12 high-level lectures by 14 invited speakers. Topics are composites-related innovations in automotive/transport, space/aerospace, advanced materials, process engineering, as well as challenging applications in other markets like architecture, construction, sports, energy, marine and more. High-ranked speakers are from China, Japan, USA, and Europe. Attendees are managers of CEO and CTO level in leading companies, engineers, scientists, and professionals from throughout the advanced materials and processes industry and universities. The conference day starts at 9 AM and ends with a networking dinner in the Pullman with outside a magnificent view on the Eiffel Tower. It is an outstanding occasion for networking with interesting colleagues and meeting new contacts.

Knowing the fundamentals for reading drawings — including master ply tables, ply definition diagrams and more — lays a foundation for proper composite design evaluation.

Jetcam’s latest white paper explores the critical aspects of nesting in composites manufacturing, and strategies to balance material efficiency and kitting speed.

The 2020 Mexican Census, reported Zacatecas municipality had a population of 149,607 people, of whom 77,635 are female and 71,972 are male.[38]

Foundational research discusses the current carbon fiber recycling landscape in Utah, and evaluates potential strategies and policies that could enhance this sustainable practice in the region.

A report on the demand for hydrogen as an energy source and the role composites might play in the transport and storage of hydrogen.

The church of St. Agustine (ex-templo de San Agustín) was built by the religious order of San Agustín which arrived in the City of Zacatecas in 1575; was consecrated in 1617 and was refurbished and re-consecrated in 1782. The building has been attributed to Andres Manuel de la Riva, who built La Valenciana Church and monastery in Guanajuato. After the Reform Laws, the complex was sold to private buyers who turned it into a pool hall and hotel or apartments. In 1882, it was sold again, this time to the American Presbyterian Society, which demolished the main façade because it did not represent the concepts of that society. The Catholic Church regained possession in 1942 and it is now the Bishop's palace.[6] Reconstruction efforts began in 1948 and continued sporadically until 1969. Only part of the monastery complex survives and is home to the Rafael Coronel Museum.[4][18] The right side façade of the church remains, worked in sculpted stone, with the scene of St. Agustine being converted to Christianity.[4] Inside, the church has distinctive arches as well as a cupola and side portal. The sacristy contains some of the sculptures from the original main façade. It also contains a collection of colonial artwork and hosts exhibitions.[20]

How does a cutting-edge measurement technology evolve into a solution that drives real-time insights and transforms quality control and efficiency in composites manufacturing for aerospace applications? In this exclusive interview-style webinar, sensXPERT managing director Dr. Alexander Chaloupka will sit down with Jorge Blanco Fernandez, R&T engineer at Ensia (the Spanish entity of Testia, an Airbus Company), to uncover the story of how dielectric analysis (DEA), once a lab-based measurement tool, was transformed into a comprehensive solution for process control in the production of composite aerospace parts. Discover how Testia is constantly seeking new technologies to improve manufacturing processes and chooses dielectric measurement for its potential — only to encounter the challenges of complex data analysis. Learn how sensXPERT took this challenge head-on, turning dielectric technology into a scalable solution with automated data analysis, real-time process adjustments and in-mold material behavior insights that directly connect to quality standards. Agenda:  Discovering dielectric measurement technology Complying with industry regulations The transformation to a full solution The sensXPERT process control solution Benefits and impact on aviation manufacturing

“For over 50 years, ELG has recycled raw materials for the stainless steel industry. With metal, it’s accepted that you use the scrap even in vacuum furnaces for turbine blades … it’s accepted that recycled metal is a raw material, which properly processed can just be used. That wasn’t common in the aerospace application 25 years ago; however, we established a supply chain in order to give the guarantees that the material performs. We do the same here,” he says.

Bureau Veritas and industry partners issue guidelines and pave the way for certification via StrengthBond Offshore project.

CompoTech, Kongsberg PCS collaboration integrates foam-cored design, automated placement of pitch and PAN fibers to achieve award-winning increase in speed and precision.

According to de Bruijn, the TPC-Cycle project is now looking into completing cost analyses and life cycle analyses to prove that the process is economically beneficial.

The composites industry is increasingly recognizing the imperative of sustainability in its operations. As demand for lightweight and durable materials rises across various sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, and construction, there is a growing awareness of the environmental impact associated with traditional composite manufacturing processes.

Mark Mauhar, CEO of Carbon Conversions (Lake City, S.C., U.S.), argues that these concerns are a bit of an excuse given the progress that has been made, and he feels that the main barrier to adoption into any market is actually risk aversion.

The DOMMINIO project combines AFP with 3D printed gyroid cores, embedded SHM sensors and smart materials for induction-driven disassembly of parts at end of life.

The Manuel Felguérez Museum contains a large collection of abstract art by the namesake and other artists covering three generations.[17] One exhibition is the "Murals of Osaka" created in 1969 when Fernando Gamboa was commissioned to archive Mexico's pavilion at the World's Fair in Osaka in 1970. Since the event, the murals remained stored for decades until this permanent exhibition was installed. Artists represented include Lilia Carrillo, Francisco Corzas, Roger Van Gunten and Francisco Icasa.[17] It includes permanent workshop space for etching, an auditorium and exhibition halls.[21] Its building dates from the 18th century, which was the site of the Seminario Conciliar, and later a barracks and penitentiary.[19] The current museum was inaugurated in 1998.[18]

In the Automated Composites Knowledge Center, CGTech brings you vital information about all things automated composites.

Thousands of people visit our Supplier Guide every day to source equipment and materials. Get in front of them with a free company profile.

VoltAero inaugurates its industrial facility in Rochefort for the final assembly line for the family of Cassio electric-hybrid aircraft, to incorporate composite elements.

Closed mold processes have many advantages over open molding. In this knowledge center, learn the basics and vital tools needed to produce parts accurately.

Around the city are the Brittany hills or small mountains that contain silver and other minerals such as the Cerro de la Virgen, Cerro de Clérigos, Cerro del Grillo, Cerro del Padre and Cerro de la Bufa.[6][9] These hills are starkly barren of vegetation, due to the semi-desert climate.[6] The city is known for its clear air and clean streets, with garbage cans placed every ten meters in the city center.[17]

“By offering carbon fiber-reinforced polymer powders, manufacturers in sectors like UAV [unmanned aerial vehicles] and medical prosthetics will realize the benefits of fast, complex and customized 3D printing, while ensuring that their material selection will exhibit the structural integrity required for their product,” says Alice Havill, chief operating officer at Vartega.

One of the mansions that line the main plaza is called the "Palacio de la Mala Noche", which belonged to a miner named José Manuel de Rétegui in the 18th century. The name comes from a legend that states that the owner fell into poverty and one night decided to commit suicide. When he was at the point to doing so, he was informed that a rich vein had been found in one of his mines. Its façade has balconies and windows elaborated in sandstone. The main balcony is a half octagon. Today it houses the state supreme court.[4][18] Another prominent mansion is the old house of González Ortega, which stands next to the cathedral and today is part of the governor's mansion.[6]

San Diego-based 2024 Top Shops qualifier Rock West Composites gives an overview of its relentless commitment to improvement, including its composite capabilities and its role as a trusted player in the space market.

Explore the technologies, materials and strategies used by composites manufacturers working in the evolving space market.

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The Spanish came to the Zacatecas area via Guadalajara. In 1540, Nuño de Guzmán traveled from Mexico City conquering what are now the states of Michoacán and Jalisco. One of Guzmán's lieutenants, Cristóbal de Oñate, conquered the area around what is now Guadalajara. Another, Pedro Almindes Chirinos Peralmindes, went to explore the lands to the north, taking Zacatecas with little trouble but not knowing of the riches underneath the soil. And the area initially was simply frontier. Other expeditions followed, including one by Juan de Tolosa in 1546, who brought back rock samples from Cerro de la Bufa, which were determined to contain high concentrations of silver and lead.[6] A mining camp was soon established at the foot of Cerro de la Bufa.[2] The Zacatecos initially fought the permanent presence of the Spanish, but the mining potential of the area strengthened the Europeans’ resolve and the natives were defeated in the 1540s.[7] Surveys of the other surrounding hills were undertaken by Tolosa, Diego de Ibarra, Baltasar Temiño de Bañuelos, Andrés de Villanueva and others.[2]

Under the new strategic distribution partnership, Biesterfeld will be the official sales partner for various Saertex material products to the German market.

Sicomin has partnered with Skaw Sailing and Shoreteam to deliver a foiling yacht design for cruising that embodies durability and performance with a low environmental impact.

The city contains a number of universities and institutions of higher education, including the state-sponsored Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas [26]

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Meanwhile, Vartega is leading an Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation (IACMI, Knoxville, Tenn., U.S.) project focused on the automotive industry. The two-year technical collaboration is designed to address the challenges of creating consistent recycled carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastics for use in vehicle lightweighting applications. Maxey says the project is making progress toward a robust dataset that offers a full characterization of materials, from the fiber interface to finished part properties.

“Anywhere the industry is using discontinuous or chopped carbon fiber, recycled [fiber] should be the first consideration,” says Maxey. “We spend all this money to make virgin carbon fiber in a continuous format … why do we then take that and go chop it up to put into thermoplastic? If we already have a discontinuous format in those scraps, that’s the best material to use, in my mind, for those molding compounds where you’re just going to chop it up anyway.”

Zacatecas has had a number of earthquakes since the colonial period. The last occurred in 1995 and caused minor damage.[2]

The first railroad connecting Zacatecas with Guadalupe was completed in 1880. Connections with Mexico City and El Paso by rail were established in 1884.[2]

Discover how Multi-Ply, a leading composite parts manufacturer, revolutionized composite production planning with Plataine’s AI-powered solution. This webinar will detail how an AI scheduling solution, designed for composite manufacturing, minimizes delays, optimizes resource allocation and drives higher throughput. Hear directly from Multi-Ply’s team on their journey to digitize planning and create accurate, large-scale production plans in minutes. Learn how automated scheduling allowed them to overcome the unique challenges of composite manufacturing, improving production accuracy, managing bottlenecks and optimizing factory resources. Gain actionable insights to automate your composite production planning, increase plan accuracy, respond quickly to production issues and leverage simulations supporting strategic decisions and growth in composites.

The company says P2T allows a composite material to be used three or more times. At the primary part’s end-of-life, the fibers and potentially the resin can be recycled, supplying raw material for a thermoplastic secondary part, such as a body panel. When that part reaches its end of life, it can be chopped and remolded into new parts. (Learn more in the article “P2T process positioned for recycling.”)

Of course, when considering the auto industry, the best bet might be on related emerging technologies. Electric vehicles, autonomous vehicles and connectivity aspects in cars bring new parts and applications opportunities where composites will likely play a large role.

Electra will identify and deliver various concepts and technologies for future sustainable commercial airline development, which could enter service by mid-century.

Together with Purdue, AnalySwift aims to develop a composite heater layer and a novel software tool or module to achieve assembly, disassembly of thermoplastic composite joints in space during long-duration missions.

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The former Plaza de Toros and El Cubo aqueduct are located on one side of the Cerro de la Bufa. The Plaza de Toros bullring was inaugurated in 1866 and conserves much of its original architecture.[20] Events featuring bullfighters such as Lino Zamora, Epifanio del Rio, Eloy Cavazos, Manolo Martínez and Curro Rivera were held here. However, the plaza was eventually closed in 1975, and abandoned. After eleven years, it was almost demolished but it was instead rehabilitated and converted into a hotel and place to hold events. The Hotel Quinta Real was built by Mexicans Ricardo and Roberto Elías Pessah and contains 49 suites. The corridors maintain the bullring atmosphere as do the stores, restaurant and event halls.[25] The El Cubo aqueduct was built at the end of the 18th century to carry water from the El Cubo mine area, which gave the structure its name. Only a few arches of it remain.[18][20]

CDCQ, LxSim, Addcomp and Argon 18 collaborate to optimize a carbon fiber/PA6 bike seat post, democratizing AFP and demonstrating materials and process for future designs and production.

Fully automated, all-in-one 3D printing platform handles high-rate industrial-sized composite parts printing and postprocessing in a compact, accessible design.

De Bruijn, Vincent and Meuzelaar are involved in the TPC-Cycle project, operated by TPAC and the TPRC. The project is aimed at the re-use of production scrap from thermoplastic composites processing for aerospace and high-volume applications. The objective is to retain the high mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites and to reduce the overall environmental impact at an affordable cost. The TPC-Cycle boasts short cycle times and is said to enable the production of complex shapes.

Bureau Veritas and industry partners issue guidelines and pave the way for certification via StrengthBond Offshore project.

Demonstrator’s upper, lower shells and assembly prove materials and new processes for lighter, cheaper and more sustainable high-rate future aircraft.

The Universidad Tecnológica del Estado de Zacatecas (UTEZ) is part of a technological university system across the Mexico. It was founded in 1998 by the state government of Zacatecas focusing on majors in technology and business.[27]

Mauhar is hopeful that automotive will be the first major market space to consume a decent fraction of the available recycled carbon fiber. “In the next 24 months we’ll start seeing some movement there,” he predicts.

And while commercial suppliers of recycled carbon fiber (rCF) point to reclaimed and repurposed material as a potential solution to this supply and demand gap, the rCF industry has its own challenges. While the technology to recycle carbon fiber composites has existed for several years and is capable of yielding a product with mechanical properties very near that of virgin material, the composites recycling industry is relatively young and is still in the early stages of developing markets for the materials it produces from recyclate. As confidence in the quality of fiber being produced by recyclers increases, questions about cost and availability have come to the forefront. Perhaps the largest challenge for the industry is the concern over supply chain security.

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Plus, the quality of rCF being produced has been shown, in some cases, to be on par with virgin fiber. ELG Carbon Fibre, which reclaims carbon fibers using pyrolysis, says its fiber typically retains at least 90% of its tensile strength with no change in modulus. Vartega uses a chemical recycling process and claims that its fiber exhibits the same mechanical properties as virgin carbon fiber. Shocker Composites (Wichita, Kan., U.S.) uses an inline solvolysis process to reclaim the fiber and claims high quality with no apparent damage to fibers.

The Rafael Coronel Museum, named after the brother of Pedro Coronel, is housed in eight halls of the monastery complex which was part of the Church of San Francisco. This museum is dedicated to historic relics with the main collection being 5,000 masks made of wood. leather and clay coming from many of Mexico's regional cultures, past and present. Many represent historic and supernatural figures. It also contains drawings and sketches by Diego Rivera. In the halls dedicated to the colonial period, there is a set of terracotta figures from the 17th and 18th centuries and in the Rosete Aranda Hall there is a collection of puppets from Burma, Indonesia and China.[3][20] There is also a collection of masks and puppets which belonged to one of the most important theatrical companies in 20th-century Mexico.[21] This museum was begun when Rafael donated 10,764 pieces from his own collection to the city of Zacatecas.[2]

From the end of the War of Independence until nearly the end of the 19th century, liberals or federalists and conservatives, who favored centralized rule from Mexico City, battled for control of Zacatecas. In 1835, then-liberal Antonio López de Santa Anna defeated the troops of Francisco Garcia Salinas. During the Reform War, the city was taken by conservative general Miguel Miramón.[2]

Bio-inspired Australian-made craft featuring hemp-reinforced fuselage panels and sustainable fuel capabilities is positioned to meet disaster relief, e-commerce and military needs.

“Nobody wants to be first to adopt a new material ecosystem,” he says. He also stresses that large-scale adoption of rCF by the automotive industry is not necessarily even desirable, pointing out that usage adoption by a dozen major automotive platforms could quickly consume the global supply of rCF. He says the approach should be to target niche programs, which will, in turn, make the supply chain more robust from a business perspective.

The composites industry plays a crucial role in developing lightweight and durable materials for a range of applications, including those critical to national defense. One key focus area is the development of advanced structural materials and manufacturing technologies that support next-generation space, missile and aircraft systems for the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD). ARC Technologies LLC (ARC), a division of Hexcel Corporation, based in Amesbury, Massachusetts, is a provider of advanced composites structures, specialty materials and other unique products that provide the U.S. Department of Defense with advanced capabilities to protect service members while in harm’s way. This team’s specialty is to understand a specific need from a program office, PEO, platform manufacturer or other offices within the DOD. With that understanding, the team can design a solution, develop a prototype for test and evaluation, perform extensive in-house testing — including electromagnetic, environmental and structural testing — and then partner with the customer through platform evaluation. The Hexcel Amesbury division has a team of engineers on staff, including mechanical, chemical, electrical and research and development specialists that can provide design, testing and manufacturing capabilities to service customer requirements from concept through production. This presentation will illustrate capabilities in advanced composites and other specialty materials structures, focusing on the Hexcel Amesbury team's niche in electromagnetic signature reduction and other unique capabilities.

There are also a number of lesser known landmarks in the city. The first city park is the Alameda Trinidad García de la Cadena, which was built in the early 19th century. The Enrique Estrada General Park contains an enormous kiosk.[18] The Meson de Jobito is a 19th-century building which is part of the garden dedicated to Benito Juárez.[20] The former Bernárdez Hacienda now contains an artisans’ school which specializes in the making of silver items.[8] Other mines that can be visited include La Esperanza, which extends 520 meters inside Cerro del Grillo.[22] The Church of Nuestra Señora de Fátima is an example of the relatively rare Gothic architecture in Mexico.[17] The Mauricio Magdaleno Public Library is in a 19th-century building which served as the granary. The façade contains an image of a winged Victory.[18]

The aerospace industry generates the most carbon fiber waste, and commercial rCF suppliers often look to the aerospace industry as a source for recyclate. Excess material, typically uncured thermoset composite prepreg, is collected and the resin is removed via heat (pyrolysis) or a chemical solvent (solvolysis) to yield fiber that is milled, chopped or pelletized.

In addition, programs such as the Clean Sky 2 Joint Undertaking (which is funded by the EU’s Horizon 2020 programme) are encouraging R&D that focuses on closing the loop for aerospace scrap. OEMs are looking to the potential of using recycled factory waste for interior parts, access panels, small components and even airframe clips and system brackets.

In these sessions, experts will discuss the emerging hydrogen economy and the opportunities for composites in this lucrative space.

Given recent improvements over the past several years in rCF processing and fiber quality, commercial suppliers have begun to shift their focus from the downcycling of rCF into lower-performance products and more toward finding appropriate applications that benefit from the material’s properties.

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“[We] have demonstrated that recyclable composite panels can be produced at a rate and cost to suit many industries,” says John McQuilliam, chief engineer at ProDrive Composites.

This city, along with Guanajuato and Taxco are along a route called the "Ruta de la Plata" or Silver Route. These cities are distinguished not only for silver but for the conservation of their colonial façades and narrow streets.[4] Zacatecas conserves many of its original structures from the colonial period such as churches, colonial government buildings and monasteries and mansions built by rich miners in pink stone.[3][4] Most of these buildings were constructed in the 18th century, when the silver flowing out of the mines was at its highest.[1] These buildings have made the historic center of the city a World Heritage Site.[12]

CW Tech Days are virtual events dedicated to the topics impacting the composites industry today. Access past event recordings and register for upcoming Tech Days.

“We won’t make wings out of recycled thermoplasticin the near future,” says Meuzelaar. “But inside the wing, there are parts we can make that make economic sense.”

The municipality is wedged between the Sierra Madre Occidental and the subrange called Sierras y Valles Zacatecanos. The area is very rugged terrain filled with narrow valleys, ravines and mountains. The principal elevations include Cerro El Grillo at 2,690 m (8,830 ft), Cerro Los Alamitos at 2,680 m (8,790 ft), Cerro La Bufa at 2,650 m (8,690 ft), Cerro La Mesa at 2,590 m (8,500 ft), Mesas El Rincón Colorado at 2,540 m (8,330 ft), Cerro La Mesa at 2,440 m (8,010 ft) and Cerro Grande at 2,370 m (7,780 ft). The area is divided between the Lerma River and El Salado River basins, with a large number of small streams and arroyos crossing the territory.

This collection features detail the current state of the industry and recent success stories across aerospace, automotive and rail applications.

Perhaps what it really boils down to is patience. Detlef Drafz, CEO at ELG Carbon Fibre, points out that it’s helpful to examine the recycling history for other legacy materials.

The first people to populate the area arrived approximately 10,000 years ago, when the climate was wetter and warmer, with different vegetation and wildlife. Eventually, the area came to be dominated by Chichimeca tribes such as the Caxcans, Guachichils, Guamares, Huichols, Zacatecos and others, with the Zacatecos being the most numerous in the area of the city today.[2][4] These peoples were mining silver and other metals in the hills long before the Europeans arrived,[5] making the area important in pre-Columbian times.[1]

Air Force-funded initiative looks to LFAM thermoset, thermoplastic advancement for fast, inexpensive composite tooling production.

Maxey offers his assessment of where the auto industry is heading: “There’s a lot that’s gone on in the past couple of years in the auto industry, where the focus will shift from fuel economy to other priorities depending on what the regulations are and what the [presidential] administration is saying,” he says. “[We’re] not seeing any major pullback on lightweighting, but maybe the motivation for it evolves. I think what you’ll see in the industry is the focus on lightweighting for mobility applications.”

Reliable news and information on where and how fiber-reinforced composites are being applied — that’s just the start of what you get from our team here at CompositesWorld.

Composite materials are being successfully adopted for certification and low initial rate production (LRIP) in eVTOL aircraft variants today. As demand for eVTOL grows, vehicle build rates will increase and the challenge of high-rate composite production will become a reality. Syensqo is developing composite material solutions to meet the most demanding requirements for eVTOL's vehicles of today and tomorrow. This presentation will focus on the key drivers and Syensqo's approach to unlocking the full potential of composite materials for eVTOL blades. Agenda:  A review of the advanced air mobility market status The future challenges facing composite materials adoption Key drivers for advanced air mobility rotor blades Syensqo's advanced materials solutions for blades

JEC World gathers the whole value chain of the composite materials industry in Paris (France) every year and is “the place to be” for composites professionals from all over the world. The event brings together not only all major global companies, but also innovative startups in the field of composites and advanced materials, experts, academics, scientists, and R&D leaders. JEC World is also the “festival of composites”, offering a unique showcase of what composites can offer to various application sectors, from aerospace to marine, from construction to automotive, and an unlimited source of inspiration for participants from these industries.

Over the years, dielectric analysis (DEA) has evolved from a lab measurement technique to a technology that improves efficiency and quality in composites production on the shop floor.

Several industrial partners, including GKN Fokker, Toray Advanced Composites (Morgan Hill, Cali., U.S.; Nijverdal, Netherlands), Cato Composite Innovations (Rheden, Netherlands), Dutch Thermoplastic Components (Almere, Netherlands) and Nido RecyclingTechniek (Nijverdal, Netherlands), are involved in the TPC-Cycle project, representing different segments in the value chain from material, manufacturing, design and application.

Big changes often happen incrementally, and the relatively young recycled carbon fiber industry continues to slowly push forward. While downcycling of rCF continues, perceptions about the material are beginning to change. Quality of fiber has been proven and processes continue to evolve. Awareness of the necessity to recycle carbon fiber is high and more players are getting involved.

Needing no date or special reason for celebration are the "callejoneadas" or alleyway parties. These are considered to be a traditional form of nightlife in which one can dance, sing and drink mezcal or beer-based punch called "heribertas" for free.[19][34] According to tradition, these parties were begun by a college student named Heriberto, whose last name has been lost. They are most commonly held at the end of the school year, but no reason is needed to hold one.[34] Most callejoneadas form in front of the Palacio de Gobierno, where a "tambora" band or other type of band, a group of revelers and a donkey carrying jugs of "heribertas" gather.[5] The donkey is often painted or otherwise decorated. The party then winds its way around the narrow streets and alleys of the city, with people drinking the heribertos from little jars called jarritos. Most of the revelers are students but all are welcome to join.[34]

Performing regular maintenance of the layup tool for successful sealing and release is required to reduce the risk of part adherence.

The former Temple of San Francisco was founded in 1568 as first monastery in Zacatecas, the monastery of Our Lady of Guadalupe, with the primary function of evangelization.[20] It was inaugurated on January 12, 1707, but some parts of the buildings (such as the south tower) were not really completed until the 19th century.[6] Today the monastery complex houses a museum but the church is in ruins.[6] The vault of the central nave has fallen and many of its rooms and corridors are in ruins.[20]

Life cycle assessment (LCA) tool and Industry Accelerator and University Outreach programs are designed to fast-track decarbonization as regulatory frameworks tighten and consumer demand for sustainability grows.

The Calderón Theater was built to replace a theater which had burned in the late 1880s (where the González Ortega Market is now). The theater has been in operation since then, having hosted famous performers such as Ángela Peralta.[1][2] The building is built in a Renaissance revival style and has a hall with large mirrors made in Venice.[22]

VX4 eVTOL aircraft prototype begins untethered, piloted, thrust-borne testing following expansion of permit to fly from the UK Civil Aviation Authority.

Collaboration aims to overcome production limitations with tubular thermoplastic composites (TPC) by using induction-heated tooling and high-quality commingled braids.

He believes the opportunity lies mainly in nonstructural parts of medium size and medium complexity, which are still a significant part of the total cost of the larger components.

In the mid-1820s, institutions such as the first opera house, first teachers’ college, the state treasury, the state supreme court and other institutions were founded in the city when the first state constitution was signed. The first newspaper in the state started circulation herein 1825. The municipality was established in 1825.[2]

“The technologies are actually there, and they’ve existed for quite a while, but the supply chain just hasn’t been vetted,” says Andrew Maxey, CEO of Vartega (Golden, Colo., U.S.). “Without the right pieces coming together you can have the best technology in the world, but you’re not going to have material to recycle and you’re not going to have any products to put it in.”

On the other side of the cathedral is the González Ortega Market, which was constructed in 1889 and still conserves its original façade. Originally, it was a traditional Mexican style market but has since been modernized into a mall with stores selling crafts, silver, leather, Zacatecas wine, antiques, charreada gear, Huichol needlework and regional sweets.[18][20] There are also restaurants which offer regional dishes such as gorditas, asado de boda, pozole verde, pacholes, gorditas rellenas and enchiladas zacatecanas, filled with pork or cheese and covered in a sauce made with poblano, guajillo or ancho chili peppers.[12][19] The interior of the building has two floors with wrought iron columns and the façade is French style fronted by the Plazoleta Goitia.[18] Another market for crafts is the Casa de Artesanias in front of the Temple of San Agustín, which sells wool serapes, masks, Huichol figures, wood boxes, ceramics and more.[18]

The CRTC also uses recycled carbon fiber to create panels bonded with wood veneer. These panels showcase the beauty of wood with a strong, light and flexible substrate for various interior and exterior applications, as shown in the picture below from a 2019 installation at the Benaroya Hall in Seattle.

By highway, Zacatecas is connected to Aguascalientes via Fed 45, to San Luis Potosí via Fed 49, Fed 23 to Guadalajara and Torreón and Fed 54 to Guadalajara and Saltillo. There is a rail line called the "Ferrocarril Central" that still connects the city with other parts such as Ciudad Juárez and Mexico City.[3][9] The city is served by the General Leobardo C. Ruiz International Airport, which connects the city with Tijuana, Morelia, Leon, and Mexico City.[9] Intercity busses connect the city with other regional cities such as Fresnillo as well as national destinations such as Guadalajara, Ciudad Juárez and Mexico City. There is also transportation to locations such as Plateros, and the Sanctuary of the Niño de Atocha. There is also public transportation intra-city as well.[9]

The case for recycled carbon fiber is a complicated one. The industry is built on the hope of solving problems — namely, the desire to keep carbon fiber waste out of landfills and to fill a potential gap between carbon fiber supply and demand. It is commonly estimated that around 30% of produced carbon fiber ends up as waste. Meanwhile, as valuable material ends up in landfills, most analysts agree that annual demand for the material could surpass current annual production capacity within the next few years. The average estimated global carbon fiber demand is around 65,000-85,000 metric tonnes per year, with a global nameplate capacity (which is more than actual capacity) of around 150,000 metric tonnes, according to estimates presented by Brett Schneider, president, global fibers, Hexcel (Stamford, Conn., U.S.) and Dan Pichler, managing director of CarbConsult GmbH (Hofheim am Taunus, Germany) at the December 2018 Carbon Fiber conference. As reported by CW contributor Amanda Jacob in March, some analysts estimate that carbon fiber demand could exceed supply by about 24,000 metric tonnes by 2022. (see “Building confidence in recycled carbon fiber.”)

Zacatecas (Spanish pronunciation: [sakaˈtekas] ⓘ) is the principal city within the municipality in Mexico of the same name, and the capital of the state of Zacatecas. Located in north-central Mexico,[1] the city had its start as a Spanish mining camp in the mid-16th century. Native Americans had already known about the area's rich deposits of silver and other minerals. Due to the wealth that the mines provided, Zacatecas quickly became one of the most important mining cities in New Spain. The area saw battles during the turbulent 19th century, but the next major event was the Battle of Zacatecas during the Mexican Revolution when Francisco Villa captured the town, an event still celebrated every anniversary. Today, the colonial part of the city is a World Heritage Site, due to the Baroque and other structures built during its mining days. Mining still remains an important industry.[2] The name Zacatecas is derived from the Zacateco people and has its roots in Nahuatl. The name means "people of the grasslands".[3]

Taking the city would clear the way for Villa to proceed to Mexico City. Villa's forces were under the direct command of General Felipe Ángeles, and Huerta's forces were under the command of General Luis Medina Barrón. From the 19th to the 23rd, General Medina used a light beacon brought from the port city of Veracruz to light the hills at night looking for rebel positions. The battle began at 10:00 a.m. on the 23rd with rebel cannon fire. Over 22,000 rebel troops then approached the city from four directions, from the mountains known as La Bufa, La Sierpe, Loreto and La Tierra Negra. The battle continued until about 5:00 that afternoon, when Huerta's troops began to abandon their positions, and the División del Norte took the strategic hills of La Bufa and El Grillo, entering the city. The rebels sacked the city and destroyed a number of buildings. Battle casualties were about 5,000 for Huerta's troops and about 3,000 for the rebels.[11] After the Mexican Revolution, the city of Zacatecas decided to revive the original seal granted to it by Philip II, and make it the seal of both the city and the state. It had been discarded after the War of Independence. The "Marcha Aréchiga" or "Marcha Zacatecas" written by Genaro Codina in the early 20th century, became the semi official anthem of the city and state.[2]

Other technical schools are the Instituto Tecnológico de Zacatecas,[28] the Instituto Politécnico de Zacatecas,[29] and a campus of the ITESM college system.[30][31]

There are essentially two types of tools you can use for carbon fiber cutting: manual tools and power tools. Both types have their very own advantages and ...

“Percentage of waste will decrease probably due to new production methods like tape placement or tailored blanks, which probably produce less waste than the current typical nesting and stamp forming processes that we see,” de Bruijn says “But in general I think there will be more thermoplastic waste in the coming years and decades.”

Dave Walter, CEO of the CRTC, points to the construction industry as an area of potential growth. The company recently developed a construction grade cross-laminated timber (CLT) under a patent-pending process that combines thermally modified lumber with recycled carbon fiber. The thermal modification process cooks off the sugars and lignin, providing rot and termite resistance, and then carbon fiber strips are integrated for strength.

Why does the gate appear repeatedly for me? If the gate continues to show up on premium content after you’ve already provided your information, it could be for one of these reasons:

The city's chamber music festival has been held annually since 1993. It is organized by the Instituto Zacatecano de Cultura with support from the Escuela de Musica of the Universidad de Zacatecas as well as other local and national entities.[36]

Japan Airlines’ and Sumitomo’s joint venture company intends to purchase up to 100 Midnight aircraft to certify and commercialize AAM services across Japan.

Initial demonstration in furniture shows properties two to nine times higher than plywood, OOA molding for uniquely shaped components.

Sunreef 43M Eco electric catamaran, with a composite surface of 1,700 square meters, is considered to have the world’s largest infused hull.

Virtek Vision demonstrates its Iris AI technology at CAMX 2024. It combines laser projection with machine learning software to detect foreign object debris during a composite layup.

According to Meuzelaar, GKN Fokker is investigating how recycling technology might be part of the company’s fuselage of tomorrow concept. He says the concept will potentially use a lot of thermoplastic composites, which in turn could generate a lot of waste that could be used for recycled bracketry, fittings and nonstructural parts.

The Zacatecano Museum is on Doctor Hierro Street and houses a collection of Huichol art, folk retablos (ex-votos) (folk paintings giving thanks for a miracle) and wrought ironwork. This building used to be the Casa de Moneda (coin mint) between 1802 and 1905.[3][18] Other museums include Museo de Pintura Colonial and Casa Museo Ramón López Velarde. Still other museums include the Episcopal Gallery, the Museo de la Ciencia and the Francisco Goitia Museum. The Episcopal Gallery is located to the side of the cathedral and contains religious art from the 19th and 20th centuries. It contains religious paraphernalia, paintings and sculptures related to Catholic Church history including a multilingual Bible from 1772.[21] The Museo de la Ciencia (Science Museum) is located in the old central building of the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas and contains collections documenting the advances of physics, mathematics and natural sciences.[21] The Francisco Goitia Museum contains works by this Zacatecas artist as well as works by Julio Ruelas, Pedro and Rafael Coronel, Manuel Felguérez and Jose Kuri Brena.[3]

Dr. Bas Veldman, GKN Fokker program manager for the lower half of a thermoplastic Multifunctional Fuselage Demonstrator, is fostering this concept by launching a call for proposals under the Clean Sky 2 program on clips and brackets. An important element in the development of the demonstrator is to reduce environmental impact through the use of factory waste for such products as frame clips and brackets. The demonstrator also aims to replace fasteners with welding, thereby saving materials, energy and cost while contributing to lightweighting.

Ignacio López Rayón led a group of Mexican rebels capturing the city of Zacatecas on April 15, 1811, early in the fight for Mexican independence from Spain. Víctor Rosales and José María Cos were leaders of Hidalgo's rebellion. Shortly after Independence, the Mexican government established the city of Zacatecas as the capital of the newly formed state of Zacatecas.

CDCQ, LxSim, Addcomp and Argon 18 collaborate to optimize a carbon fiber/PA6 bike seat post, democratizing AFP and demonstrating materials and process for future designs and production.

Commercial suppliers often look to the aerospace industry as a source of production scrap and end-of-life material to be used as recyclate, yet while the amount of waste created by the aerospace industry is large in terms of what is going to the landfill, many OEMs and fabricators have been reluctant to rely on it as a steady supply source for a high-volume product line.

The cathedral is eighty-five meters high and entirely constructed of pink sandstone.[17][23] It has three naves with three main portals. The main façade has three levels supported by three Solomonic columns with flank niches. At the crest is a cross. The first level has three columns decorated with vines and angels. In its niches are statues of the Four Evangelists. The second level has columns formed by shells, acanthus and vines. The choir window is found here framed by stonework. The third level has an image of Christ with two of the Apostles flanked by solomonic columns decorated with leaves, caryatids and cherubs. The plaza side portal has two levels with stone columns and a sculpted scene of the crucified Christ with the Virgin Mary and John the Evangelist. The market side portal is Baroque and is dedicated to the Virgen del Patrocinio, patron of the city. The interior has a Latin cross layout with two naves and with the roof supported by Doric order columns. The altarpieces are made of stone in Neoclassical style.[23] The main altar is dedicated to the Eucharist with side altars dedicated to the Holy Christ and the Virgin of Zacatecas.[9] The American author Mrs. John Wesley Butler, in her book "Historic Churches in Mexico" tells us that the artist who designed the façade was French. This individual, condemned to death for some grave problem was able to get the execution postponed until he finished his work on the cathedral. He was able to continue the work for twenty-one years, being watched constantly by custodians and sentries while he worked. Finally bored with such a life, he declared one day that he was ready to be executed. But because of his work on the Cathedral façade he was not executed but received a pardon. The neighborhood showered him with gifts and banquets in his honor. Yet he was not content and desired to return to France. Unfortunately when all was ready for his departure he suddenly died. Where Mrs. Butler got this story is not known, since longtime residents of Zacatecas disclaim all knowledge of it.[24]

When it comes to markets, the automotive industry seems like it should hold the most potential for using rCF. The material’s ability to combine lightweighting with good surface finish makes it a natural fit for body panels, not to mention various interior components. Commercial suppliers of rCF have long looked to the industry with bated breath, hoping for widespread adoption, but a tipping point has yet to arrive. Process time and cost continue to be stumbling blocks for the industry.

ICERP India is an important event of the Indian composites industry organized by FRP Institute. The focus of the 2025 show will be up-gradation of composites technology in India to reach global level in terms of product quality, finishing and also to address the challenges that have to be met to achieve global standards.

Delivery of the single-spindle robotic setup with an ATP head will advance the R&D organization’s work in CUBIC, GENEX and Carbo4power initiatives targeting sustainable composites development.

CompositesWorld’s Tech Days: Design, Simulation and Testing Technologies for Next-Gen Composite Structures is designed to provide a multi-perspective view of the state of the art in design, simulation, failure analysis, digital twins, virtual testing and virtual inspection.

On the other hand, some progress is being made. In December 2018, Boeing announced it will supply carbon fiber recycling specialist ELG Carbon Fibre Ltd. (Coseley, U.K.) with cured and uncured carbon fiber waste to be recycled for use in secondary products for other composites manufacturing applications. The agreement is the first formal material supply relationship between a carbon fiber recycler and a major aircraft OEM and seems to be a good portent for the industry.

Between Cerro de la Bufa and Cerro del Grillo is an aerial tramway or cable car that provides panoramic views of the city below. This cable car extends for about 650 meters, is called "El Teleférico" and was constructed in 1979 by the Swiss. The ride lasts about eight minutes, but does not operate when there are high winds.[5][18][20][22]

Cevotec, a tank manufacturer, Roth Composite Machinery and Cikoni, have undertaken a comprehensive project to explore and demonstrate the impact of dome reinforcements using FPP technology for composite tanks.

The composite tubes white paper explores some of the considerations for specifying composite tubes, such as mechanical properties, maintenance requirements and more.

During the Mexican Revolution, Zacatecas was the scene of the Battle of Zacatecas in 1914, pitting the rebel forces of Francisco Villa against the government forces of Victoriano Huerta.[2] Zacatecas was the last stronghold of the Huerta forces, which the División del Norte arrived on June 19, 1914, from Torreón.

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In the city proper just south of the main plaza, is the cathedral, which is located over the ruins of pre-Hispanic temples. The current structure dates from 1752 and has a façade of sculpted pink stone. The best time to appreciate the façade is in the late afternoon when the sun shines directly on it.[9] This church is considered to be one of the best examples of Mexican Churrigueresque architecture.[23] The first parish church was built on this site between 1567 and 1585, but it was in ruins by the beginning of the 17th century. A second church was built between 1612 and 1625 and was called the Chapel of Santo Cristo.[6][23] The remains of this construction can be seen in the first level of the south tower and the main façade.[23] The current cathedral was begun in 1729 with main façade finished in 1745 but not opened to worship until 1752.[18]

Gas-fired batch oven is designed to process up to 5,000 pounds of filament-wound parts at a time, while delivering on optimal temperature uniformity and efficient use of floor space.

The city is called "con rostro de cantera rosa y corazón de plata" (with a face of pink stone and a heart of silver) because of the pink stone that many of its iconic buildings are made of and the silver that has spurred its development and history.[17] Like other mining cities in Mexico, such as Guanajuato and Taxco, the city was built near the mines on very rough terrain.[7][18] It is at the foot of the Cerro de la Bufa, in which was one of the greatest silver mines in the world.[4] Instead of having an orderly plan of streets, the Spanish settlement followed the old Indian neighborhoods with narrow streets and alleys squeezed into a large ravine or "cañada". Without attempting to modify the rough terrain, development also ran up the hills.[7][18] The main road through town aligns north–south along the Arroyo de la Plata, with the rest of the city filled with small winding alleys and streets and tiny plazas.[4] Many of the alleys have names that refer to local legends, such as the "Callejón del Indio Triste" (Alley of the Sad Indian) and "Callejón del Mono Prieto" (Alley of the Dark Monkey).[17] The only really open space is the main plaza. Even here, it is not possible to stand back far enough to see the whole Baroque façade of the main cathedral.[7]

This past October was plagued with a series of unfortunate natural disasters that, amidst ongoing travel for CW, has provided a poignant reminder of composites’ importance in facing future events.

Flight of first production aircraft fresh off Beta’s full-scale manufacturing line in Vermont is followed by Special Airworthiness certification from the FAA.

In 2009, the city council approved the logotype of the new administration with includes the Virgin of Zacatecas image. However, since then it has been claimed that the new logo violates Article 5 of the Zacatecas constitution and Article 10 of a law called Bando de Policía y Buen Gobierno. Another objection is that the new seal contains the colors yellow and black, those of the political party of the municipal president.[15] The city has grown to the point where houses now balance on the edge of a creek and over the mounds of waste from mines. This is possible due to the lack of regulation and urban planning by authorities. Irregularities exist in 85% of the city's neighborhoods but the neighborhoods of Lázaro Cárdenas, Minera, CNOP, Lomas de la Pimienta, Benito Juárez, González Ortega have the largest number of them. Many of these buildings have structural and infrastructure problems such as flooding during rains and the damage this creates.[16]

The city center was named a World Heritage Site in 1993.[2] UNESCO's websites states the following as justification. "Founded in 1546 after the discovery of a rich silver lode, Zacatecas reached the height of its prosperity in the 16th and 17th centuries. Built on the steep slopes of a narrow valley, the town has views of the area. There are also several old buildings, both religious and civil. The cathedral, built between 1730 and 1760, dominates downtown. It is notable for its harmonious design and the Baroque profusion of its façades, where European and indigenous decorative elements are found side by side."[14]

“The reason for looking at a thermoplastic fuselage is cost, and we think this is a cost economic production method, which also incorporates recycling,” he says.

A&P has made a name for itself as a braider, but the depth and breadth of its technical aptitude comes into sharp focus with a peek behind usually closed doors.

Over the rest of the colonial period, the riches from the ground financed the building of important religious and secular constructions. The peak of this construction occurred in the 18th century. One of these constructions is the Colegio de San Luis Gonzaga, which was established in 1796.[2]

“We’re here to enable and connect the dots,” he adds, summing up the industry. “We have this enabling technology that sits in the middle of the supply chain, but its really about connecting that stranded asset in the waste stream to an unmet demand downstream.”

As municipal seat, the city of Zacatecas is the governmental authority for 180 other named localities,[37] which total an area of 444 km2 (171 sq mi).[2] Ninety-three percent of the municipality's population of 132,035 lives in the city proper.[37] There are no indigenous communities in the municipalities with almost all of the population being "mestizo" or mixed indigenous-European. Under 500 people speak an indigenous language such as Huichol and Zacateco but most of these are from other parts of Mexico and speak Spanish as well. The municipality borders the municipalities of Calera, Morelos, Vetagrande, Guadalupe, Genaro Codina and Jerez.[2]

The Composite Recycling Technology Center (CRTC, Port Angels, Wash., U.S.) has been exploring use of recycled carbon fiber in a variety of products, from park benches to high-performance sporting goods to composite tubing. The company works with reclaimed uncured prepreg material from Toray Composite Materials America (Tacoma, Wash., U.S.) as well as rCF from ELG Carbon Fibre.

During this CW Tech Days event, sponsored by Composites One, experts will offer presentations to review and evaluate the composite materials, processes and applications that should and will be considered for use in the infrastructure and construction markets.

The old Instituto de Ciencias was refounded as the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas in 1968, and an international airport was constructed in 1970.[2]

On June 23, the town commemorates the Battle of Zacatecas at the Cerro de la Bufa and the Plaza de Armas with cultural events and fireworks.[25]

Vartega claims to also be developing a process that will allow thermoplastic powders to be reinforced with carbon fiber while ensuring the materials produce functional parts in infrared additive systems. This advancement reportedly will enable digital manufacturers to realize the full potential of new powder-based hardware platforms to produce parts that perform similarly to injection molded materials at medium-volume production rates.

This webinar will dive into how advanced AI neural network technology can streamline your composite inspection process, offering unparalleled speed, accuracy, real-time inspection and monitoring. Learn how automating inspections can help manufacturers improve efficiency, reduce errors and ensure consistent high-quality production. See the technology in action and explore how integrating AI can overcome your inspection challenges and elevate your operations. Agenda: AI neural network overview Flexible AI camera integration with IRIS 3D platform Precision detection capabilities Real-time monitoring and alerts Process digitization and tracking Why automate? - benefits of automating the inspection process Next steps: how to get started

One interesting example of such a niche approach is ProDrive Composites (Milton Keynes, U.K.), manufacturer of advanced lightweight composites for applications ranging from automotive and motorsport to aerospace and defense. The company has been collaborating with the University of Sheffield Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC, Sheffield, U.K.) and ELG Carbon Fibre on its P2T (Primary To Tertiary) process, a new process that uses a reactive thermoplastic resin for manufacturing recyclable composite components. A plastic monomer is reacted with a catalyst in the presence of recycled fibers to produce a cured laminate, out of the autoclave.

Despite court-approved insolvency filings and beginning first investor briefings, Lilium remains fully focused on re-emerging following restructuring, setting its sights on fresh investment to support the Lilium Jet.

The Feria Nacional de Zacatecas[33] is held during the month of September at the foot of the Cerro de la Bufa. It includes concerts, bullfighting, events at the Foro Infantil, crafts expositions as well as exhibitions of livestock, autos and culture.[12] The annual event began in 1940 and received more than two million visitors each year since 2002. The main concert hall for the event has a capacity of 5,000 and has hosted names such as Vicente Fernández, Alejandra Guzmán, Rocío Dúrcal, Rio Roma, and Ha*Ash. It has exhibition and sales of crafts, livestock and food. Other events include charreadas and bullfighting. The evening has folkloric dance and fireworks.[22]

Rohit 4 Flute Solid Carbide Micro Grain Flat Square Nose End Mills 1/2" Diameter x 1 1/2" Cut Length, 1/2" Shank Diameter x 3" Overall Length.

The Temple of Santo Domingo Jesuit church of Santo Domingo, built between 1746 and 1749 by Cayetano de Sigüenza.[6] It is known locally as the Parish of the Inmaculada Concepción.[20] The Church of Santo Domingo is built over a solid platform, which makes it look more monumental.[4] It was taken over by the Dominicans when the Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in the 18th century. It would substitute for the cathedral when it was in construction.[6] It has a sober Baroque portal, with altarpieces and paintings in its interior. Attached to this church is the monastery building of the Company of Jesus, which contains the current Pedro Coronel Museum.[4] Inside the church are eight Churrigueresque altars, which are carved of wood and gilded with gold mined from the Cerro del Grillo.[17][20] However, the main altar is Neoclassical.[20] The Churringueresque altars are attributed to Felipe de Ureña and his son-in-law, Juan García de Castañeda.[6]

Zacatecas is the seat of a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Category II Regional Office, to promote training, research and conservation of artistic, historical, natural and archaeological heritage of Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean. It is the fourth such office to be established after those in China, Brazil and Bahrain. The office is in charge of fourteen percent of the World Heritage Sites in the world.[35]

CW’s editors are tracking the latest trends and developments in tooling, from the basics to new developments. This collection, presented by Composites One, features four recent CW stories that detail a range of tooling technologies, processes and materials.

As the aircraft interiors industry increasingly moves towards circular and sustainable solutions, it's crucial for the supply chain to adopt these innovations to stay competitive. Advanced thermoplastic composites present significant advantages, including faster production, improved recyclability and reduced weight. Join Toray for this insightful webinar where they will dive into the latest developments in thermoplastic composites and their applications in aircraft interiors. Toray will explore how these materials enable the efficient manufacture of parts while improving overall sustainability and meeting the stringent FST standards of the aviation sector. Whether you're a design engineer, materials specialist or industry professional, this session will provide valuable insights into how thermoplastic composites can drive innovation and competitiveness in aircraft interiors.

Meuzelaar says the goal at a high level is to make more affordable and more sustainable products in aerospace. While strides are being made toward series production in thermoplastics, this will also yield waste (as is unfortunately the case for composites in general). But he believes that waste can be commercially viable and says that low-shear mixing/compression molding of recycled carbon fiber TPCs offers design freedom not afforded by traditional laminating with continuous fibers. “You get a lot of additional options to make very interesting non-structural parts like panels, small fairings or system brackets which usually in aerospace tend to be overdesigned in terms of materials used, alloys used, [and] the production systems used,” he explains.

The main square is called the Plaza de Armas, with the most important buildings such as the State Government Palace, the State Congress, the cathedral and others surrounding it.[1] What is now the State Government Palace was constructed at the beginning of the 18th century as the residence of the Count de la Laguna.[1][18] The exterior is marked by its red roof,[17] and the interior has a courtyard surrounded by arches and a stairwell with a mural depicting the history of the state. This mural was painted in 1970 by Antonio Pintor Rodríguez.[18]

The Toma de Zacatecas Museum is located on Cerro de la Bufa, which played at part in the Battle of Zacatecas during the Mexican Revolution. The museum was opened in 1984 and contains many articles from this battle as well as some from the Cristero War. Inside are clothing and uniforms, arms such as shotguns, mousers and cannons, historic maps of Zacatecas and newspaper and photographs from the era. Photographs include those of Juana Gallo, who was a heroine of the Cristero War. Some battles from this conflict also took place on Cerro de la Bufa.[8][21] The museum is fronted by the Plaza de la Revolución, which contains statues of Francisco Villa and two other generals who successfully led the attack on the city. The building housing the museum was originally the Casa de la Caridad y Hospital de Pobres.[18] Next to the museum is the Chapel of Nuestra Señora del Patrocinio, an old hermitage from the 16th century. Its façade is Baroque with two levels. The Observatorio Meteorológico is mostly used to observe weather phenomenon.[18]

The Cerro de la Bufa, with its El Edén mine, is one of the most important symbols of the city and was the scene of the Battle of Zacatecas (called the Toma de Zacatecas in Spanish) in which Francisco Villa emerged victorious in 1914. At the top of this mountain is a museum and statues honoring Pánfilo Natera, Francisco Villa and Felipe Ángeles, which are related to this event. The site also contains an observatory, the Mausoleo de los Hombres Ilustres and the Chapel of Virgen del Patrocinio.[8]

CDCQ, LxSim, Addcomp and Argon 18 collaborate to optimize a carbon fiber/PA6 bike seat post, democratizing AFP and demonstrating materials and process for future designs and production.

The argument for using rCF goes beyond sustainability. Reduced cost is also a benefit. For example, ELG Carbon Fibre’s rCF costs around 40% less than industrial grade virgin carbon fiber. Other commercial suppliers claim their material is anywhere from 20% to 40% less expensive than virgin carbon fiber. Plus, for many applications there is a need for discontinuous fiber formats — which suggests an opportunity where rCF might offer a more sustainable and economical alternative to virgin material.

Composites, in general, are working their way into the automotive industry incrementally in the form of parts such as battery boxes, pressure vessels, leaf springs and even lift gate systems. It would make sense for rCF to follow the same trajectory.

Solico Engineering introduces the module to complete its Amphora calculation tool, made for the design of fiber-reinforced silos and tanks.

In addition, Vartega says it is leveraging its carbon fiber recycling technology and material development expertise to advance polymer feedstocks for powder bed fusion additive manufacturing. The company was recently awarded a National Science Foundation (NSF, Alexandria, Va., U.S.) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant to conduct research and development (R&D) in the area.

CompoTech, Kongsberg PCS collaboration integrates foam-cored design, automated placement of pitch and PAN fibers to achieve award-winning increase in speed and precision.

According to Vamsidhar Patolla, Wichita State University Ph.D. student and founder of Shocker Composites, the challenge is all about getting the cost down to a level comparable to that of other materials such as aluminum. “Processability needs to match the high-volume production scale,” he says. Shocker Composites’ process offers this advantage because it is an inline process, not a batch process. (Learn more in the article “Sustainable, inline recycling of carbon fiber.”)

“The ELG and Boeing announcement was a really big deal; it helps everyone move the ball forward [and] to accelerate the supply chain connections,” says Maxey.

The city hosts a number of religious and cultural festivals throughout the year. The Festival Cultural de Zacatecas[32] is held each year in the city during Holy Week, which unites artists of different genres from classic to rock and offers visitors more than 130 attractions. Some of the artists have included La Barranca, Real de Catorce, blues singer Betsy Pecannins and singer Vicky Carr. There are also theatrical events and events for children. About 90% of the events are free. The event is organized by the state of Zacatecas with support from the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, ISSSTE, IMSS, CONACULTA and other government agencies.[3][9]

Next-gen carbon fiber materials will be tested under extreme conditions for 12-18 months to determine their viability in space for use in future space bases, interplanetary travel.

CompoTech, Kongsberg PCS collaboration integrates foam-cored design, automated placement of pitch and PAN fibers to achieve award-winning increase in speed and precision.

The Detroit Auto Show, formerly known as the North American International Auto Show (NAIAS), is located squarely at the intersection of technology and mobility. It’s a global event filled with tangible advances ready to hit the pavement today. Here, the software is as revolutionary as anything out there, and the hardware always looks better with a good polish. You won’t find any devices that will fit in your pocket, but you will discover machines that will move you in the most literal sense. You’ll also connect with thought leaders from around the world, both in and outside the automotive industry, whose collective visions for the future of mobility will shape the way we move for years to come.

According to de Bruijn, aircraft OEMs are more likely to recycle internally than turn to a commercial supplier of rCF. The main reason for this is traceability. Matching polymer types to a given application becomes much more difficult when the supply is moved out-of-house.

A military mining camp was formally established in 1548 and called Minas de Nuestra Señora de Remedios.[4][8] The first major vein of silver was found in 1548 in a mine called San Bernabé. This was followed by similar finds in mines called Albarrada de San Benito, Vetagrande, Pánuco and others. This brought a large number of people to Zacatecas, including craftsmen, merchants, clerics and adventurers.[4] In 1550, royalty found its way to Zacatecas in the person of Leonor Cortés Moctezuma, the illegitimate daughter of conquistador Hernán Cortés and Isabel Moctezuma, daughter of the Aztec emperor. Doña Leonor married Juan de Tolosa. The settlement grew over the space of a few years into one of the most important cities in New Spain and the most populous after Mexico City. The camp became a parish in 1550,[2] in 1585, then it was declared a city with the name of "Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad de Nuestra Señora de Zacatecas" (Very Noble and Loyal City of Our Lady of Zacatecas), receiving its coat of arms from Philip II of Spain at the same time.[2] The success of the mines led to the arrival of indigenous people and the importation of black slaves to work in them. The mining camp spread southwards along the course of the Arroyo de la Plata, which now lies underneath Hidalgo Avenue, the old town's main road. Tall buildings were constructed along here due to the lack of flat area on which to build. The first house was supposedly built in 1547, just before the fortress and metal foundry. Hospitals and hospices were built in the 1550s.[6]

The anniversary of the city had been celebrated on the day of the Virgin of Zapopan, who was the patron until 1975. Since then the patron has been changed to the Virgin del Patrocinio, who is celebrated on the same day,.[12]

“We already have the facilities,” adds Guillaume Vincent, thermoplastic composites engineer at the TPRC. He explains that recycling internally fits within the normal process chains and that the majority of the equipment is already in place, making it the most affordable avenue. “[It] fits into activities we have in a normal production environment.”

9T Labs used Additive Fusion Technology to iterate CFRTP designs, fully exploit continuous fiber printing and outperform stainless steel and black metal designs in failure load and weight.

And while this interest in recycling in-house is on the rise, there will always be some waste that is not usable and that fabricators will be unwilling or unable to recycle in-house. In such cases, those materials might be reclaimed by a material supplier. Time will tell what the increased use of thermoplastic composites might mean for the supply chain. (Learn more about the TPC-Cycle project and the Clean Sky 2 initiative in “Recycled thermoplastic composites for production.”)

Thermoplastics for Large Structures, experts explored the materials and processing technologies that are enabling the transition to large-part manufacturing.

This collection details the basics, challenges, and future of thermoplastic composites technology, with particular emphasis on their use for commercial aerospace primary structures.

Johan Meuzelaar, engineering stress specialist at GKN Fokker (Hoogeveen, Netherlands), thinks the answer is to try to find as many applications as you can within your own production environment. “If I look at the type of thermoplastic components we make from virgin material, there’s a lot of parts in them which we could make recycled,” he says. “[We could] certainly use up a significant amount of waste that we’re generating.”

“We’ll never displace virgin fiber completely, especially in aerospace where there are high strength and stiffness requirements, but people are coming around to the idea that recycled fiber isn’t just recycled fiber with weak potentials,” says Benjamin Andrews, field technical services engineer with ELG Carbon Fibre. “It has its own benefits that are superior to virgin fibers in some applications. Drapability and surface finish are both better than that of virgin fiber … this isn’t just a reusable material; this is a material that has its own benefits.”

Additive manufacturing is another area that holds potential for rCF. For example, Shocker Composites has compounded its recycled carbon fiber into 20-40% reinforced ABS filament and demonstrated its successful use with Cincinnati Inc.’s (Harrison, Ohio, U.S.) Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) 3D printing process.

As the industry moves toward increased use of thermoplastic composites (TPCs), that material presents a new set of recycling opportunities. Because thermoplastic polymers can be remelted and reshaped, the aerospace industry has more opportunity to reabsorb some of its own scrap into secondary applications, potentially reusing both fiber and matrix. Thomas de Bruijn, researcher at the Thermoplastic Composites Application Center (TPAC, Enschede, Netherlands) — a thermoplastic composites R&D center working alongside the Thermoplastic Research Center (TPRC, Enschede, the Netherlands) at an applied research level — points to efforts in the industry being made to recycle the material internally.

The most important sectors of the municipal economy are mining, which employs about 21% of the population, livestock to which 76% of the surface area is dedicated and commerce, which employs over 70% of the population. Most mining today occurs on the Panuco, Vetagrande and Morelos mountains with the most active mines being El Compas, La Gallega, San Panuncio and San Rafael. Annual production is valued at 50,043 pesos for gold, 11,320 pesos for silver and 38,122 for lead. Non-metallic minerals include kaolin, building stone and petroleum aggregates. Agriculture and livestock is mostly done communally, with ten established ejidos. Only 15% of the municipality's land is farmed. This agriculture is dependent on the annual rainy season and produces some basic staples such as beans, chili peppers and corn. Livestock includes cattle, pigs, sheep, goats and horses. There is some industry related to food processing, textiles, wood products, paper and mining equipment as well as the making of crafts such as sarapes, stonework, leather and precious metals. Commerce is divided between providing for local needs as well as tourism.[2] In addition to the city's status as a World Heritage site, there is camping available in the Sierra de Organos, Canon de Juchipila, the Cerro del Mixton and the Sierra de Cardos. La Quemada or Alta Vista-Chalchihuites is the best known archeological site in Zacatecas. Due to its location, the artifacts show influence of cultures such as Teotihuacan, the Purépechas and the Toltecs. It has several levels and built over a large hill. When it rains, water flows over the upper levels like a waterfall.[19][22]

Religious events include the feast of the Virgin of Zacatecas and the feast of the Virgin del Patrocinio. Activities associated with these events include parades with floats, musical concerts, bullfighting, processions and other religious events. The Virgin of Zacatecas is housed in a chapel built in 1728 and regularly receives visitors from the city and other areas.[20] The Virgin of Patrocinio, whose day is September 14, celebrates one of the most celebrated images in the Zacatecas area. This event lasts for ten days with traditional dances, processions and more. This feast coincides with the Feria Nacional de Zacatecas and Mexico's Independence Day. On Good Friday, a large procession called the "Procession of Silence" is held.[12]

The last three days of August are dedicated to an event called Morismas de Bracho. This event involves approximately 5,000 people in costume who commemorate the decapitation of John the Baptist and the struggle of Christians against the Moors, with the principal players representing Charlemagne, Mohamed and John the Baptist. The staging occurs at El Bracho Park, behind the Cerro de la Bufa and ends with the decapitation of Mohamed.[8]

Third World Sailing award nomination highlights the company’s focus on marine innovation using sustainable composite materials.

This construction grade cross-laminated timber (CLT) combines thermally modified lumber with recycled carbon fiber from the Composite Recycling Technology Center.