The simplest thing when adding an O-ring into a design would be to look up a standard gland. There are charts where by selecting an O-ring you can find know glands that are used every day. An example of standard O-ring glands that has been published in SAE AS5857. This table, originally created as an Aerospace Standard, is frequently referenced in other industries. An Example of this table is on Pages 4-5 to 4-8 on the Parker O-ring Handbook.

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Double O-rings: in this example I've used a double O-ring. This is NOT two O-rings in one groove, this is two separate grooves. I use them in high stress situations (over 225°F, longer than 12 months in hole, corrosive environments etc.). The whole thought is if one fails, you have a spare to catch. I've also been told many times, "failures are expensive, and O-rings are cheap". These are not needed day to day. I did want to point out that without at least a spacer/backup, two O-rings will feed out or fail together just a bad/quickly as one if the gland is compromised.

Back Ups:  While looking for materials you may come upon "Back Ups". I don't plan to go into depth on them since they require separate design. Even if they are rubber, it should be known that they are not used to seal. They keep the O-ring from extruding out of the gland for various reasons like temperature, pressure or movement. They are generally made of stiffer materials either hard rubber, PEEK (plastic), Glass Filled Teflon, Springs, or even Metal. If requested I may write up about what I know on designing these as well.

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Carbide burs (burrs) require a bit of special care to keep them performing optimally. To preserve the life of your carbide burs (burrs), ensure your handpiece does not wobble. The speed of your pneumatic rotary tool should not exceed 35,000 RPMs, and speed should be gradually increased. Please note, however, that higher speeds will prevent flute clogging inside the bur (burr). If you apply too much pressure to the bur (burr), the edges may chip, resulting in premature dulling.

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Disclaimer: while I have completed a BS in Mechanical Engineering and have passed the FE, I am not a PE. While these calculations are standard, published, and I personally have used these practices to design multiple high-pressure tools, I cannot guarantee that they a perfect. If you are in doubt, in a hazardous environment, or using in an application that could cause harm to life, I would suggest double checking with other sources (engineering) and/or extensive testing. Also, my experience is in Oil and gas, in the continental USA. You may notice my practices being bias to API standards and in English Units, I suggest you take all I say with a grain of salt.

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A Rod with an O-ring groove is sealing in a minimum bore of 2.355 and a 200 series O-ring is required with no backups. Use a 3-3-3 fit.

·        O-ring Compression: Again, there should be some compression to guarantee a good seal, but no so must that the O-ring cuts rather than deforming. TSS Again gives the Recommendation of 10-35% for a static seal (6-27% for dynamic)

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Note that Duro is generally called out in increments of 5 or ten and will have a tolerance of ±5 (aka a 70A Duro O-ring is 65-75 Duro, Shore A).

Side Note: in my experience, most hardware/Auto stores label them with their own number(s) system, so a No. 21 O-ring is actually Size 213, leading to my personal confusion),

Materials: There are several materials used for various reasons. Some may be known to you such as silicon, some might be totally new like Alfas, and some might be materials you didn't know you knew. Communally Called “Buna”, NBR is a supper common everyday use rubber. There are lots of selection charts to look at online to help with selection.

Alloy-specific – heads have varying shapes used with certain metal alloys – used in the aerospace/aviation industry Base metal range – used for deburring on softer metals Bolt remover range – used for the removal of broken studs Foundry metal range – used for deburring on harder metals, stone, etc. Inox range – specifically used with stainless steel Locksmith range – used by locksmiths Long shank range – general-purpose; long shafts useful for deeper, hard-to-reach areas Miniature range – miniature heads useful for engraving and fine detail work New geometry range – used for all general metal removal Steel range – heads have specialized fluting to cut stainless steel Universal range – general-purpose, best on metals such as copper, iron, nickel, and steel

While it is straightforward to design a standard O-ring groove with a custom diameter, there are a few things that you need to be kept in mind, and some quick calculations that need to be checked.

You can call out a custom fit like 3-6-2 where the first number is driving Surface’s Tolerance, the second the diametric clearance (E in the chart above) and the final number is the tolerance of the groove, I would suggest these three never total more than 15 and they need to be tested to ISO standards.

Lead in Angle: To give your O-ring a better chance at "smooshing" into the groove, a lead in angle or chamfer is used on the mating surface. Looking back to the gland designed in Example 2 incorporated into a more complex part:

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Landing Lengths: The surfaces on either side of the O-ring Groove are sometimes referred to as the "Landing". In this case, there are two O-rings so there is a "center landing" as well. It is common practice that the length of these surfaces are equal to the gland length (.187 for this groove). In cases of length optimization, they should be at least the width of the O-ring (.139). Notice the "landing Length" doesn't include the chamfer on the left end on the male insert.

In the oil field, these generalizations are called the "fit" (This does not line up with the standard fits given in the Machinist handbook), they are just two general sets of tolerances used (3-3-3 or 5-5-5). By Oil "standards", these are the two options for a "tight" or "loose" fit.

Choosing and O-ring to Fit the Groove: While this is generally as easy as picking the closest O-ring, There are a few things to keep in mind and check.

Carbide burs (burrs) are generally composed of titanium or tungsten; diamond is the only material on the Mohs scale that is harder and also used for drill tips. This means they are ideal for multiple purposes due to the fact that they maintain sharper cutting edges for longer periods of time. Carbide burs (burrs) maintain their sharp edges 10 20 times longer than a stainless-steel bur (burr), depending on the frequency of use and the materials used with.

In my Opinion, since both are within the bounds, would chose the larger of the two bases on the fits when modeled. Though if it was a high-pressure situation I would do more thorough calculations to find the true internal pressure of the rubber:

Pros: standardization. If you make all your parts seal with the same Diameters, parts may be interchangeable, and the Number of different parts or test fixtures you need to keep on hand may be decreased. Another upside is the availability of off-the-shelf back-ups and other accessories that are made to fit the standards.

Instead we should add a chamfer to push the O-ring down. Insure that the start is higher than the top of the O-ring (.060 inches is common) and at a low angle (20° is preferred, 30° is acceptable). It's also advised to round the edges:

Aluminum Brass Bronze Carbon fiber Cast iron Ceramics Copper Fiberglass Gold Hard rubber Plastic Platinum Silver Steel Stone Titanium Wood Zinc

The basics: While it might seem backwards, if you want an internal groove (also referred as a female gland) the design is based on the Max OD of the rod that passes thru the part. On the flip side an External Groove, (aka a male gland) the design will be based on the minimum bore diameter that the o-ring will seal against. This is the first number that is needed. The second number that is required is the O-ring Series that you want to use. This will drive the rest of the design. The rest is plug and play and easy programmed into an excel file or similar program.

·        Stretch/Squeeze: The O-ring should deform slightly to fit the groove. In the case of a External O-ring, to should stretch over the rod, and in internal groove should be squeezed into the groove. This will make sure the O-ring keeps contact with the seal surface. Trelleborg Sealing Solutions recommends a squeeze of 2-8% (Must be at least 0.5% and do not exceed 9%).

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Lesson Plan: Step 1: Background and Definitions Step 2: Finding a Published O-ring Gland and incorporating it into a design. Step 3: Designing Custom Groove using the Standards Step 4: Other Design Recommendations and Drafting Example Step 5: References and Useful links

The thread relief of the pin thread is approximately 2.375 inches. So, we’ll be looking for a 100 series O-ring groove to match that dimension. When looking at standard dimension for a female gland, a #142 O-ring has a rod OD of 2.373.

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Cons: It imposes a design limitation. While the differences in one groove to the next size can be very close, there are diameters that can’t be accommodated. Case in point, if you wanted to build a 4.500 in Diameter rod and required a 200 series O-ring, the closest numbers published are 4.487 and 4.615. These glands my not fit within other design parameters and a custom O-ring Gland may be required.

Used on ferrous and non ferrous metals, aluminium, soft steel and also for all non-metal materials such as stone, plastics, hard wood and ceramic. Double cut have more cutting edges and will remove material much faster. Double cut will leave a smoother finish than single cut due to producing smaller chips as they cut away the material. Use for medium-light stock removal, deburring, finishing and cleaning. Designed for medium- light removal of material, deburring, fine finishing, cleaning, smooth finish, and creating small chips.

Usually used with stainless steel, hardened steel, copper, cast iron, and ferrous metals and will remove material quickly with a smooth finish. Use for heavy stock removal, milling, deburring and cleaning. Designed for heavy removal of material, milling, deburring, cleaning, and creating long chips.

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This Covers 2/3 of everything I know about designing O-ring seals. I frequently used these while designing production tools. Most the design is based on the standards that are put forth by SAE. Personally, I be going over the reiteration by Parker since it's what I learned. Other references include the Apple Rubble Product and Trelleborg for their proprietary O-ring Gland Calculators, and the help they gave me in building my own. Links to their websites are found in Section 5. All design in this lesson is for "Static Axial Design under normal conditions”.

My Two Cents: in my field, I found that the tolerancing of these parts are a bit high. You can see that it's recommended to call out a 32 finish (.08 Ra) and some tolerances are held to .002 inches. Day to day, I usually call out a 63 (1.6 Ra) Finish and a flat 0.003 or 0.005-inch tolerances with no issues.

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Excel Program: I highly suggest programing a O-ring Calculator if this is something that you find useful and are doing day to day. I do have my person version, but due to not being vetted I am not longer sharing it. If you are only doing these calculation occasionally, you can get by using Apple Rubbers Program or Trelleborg's App, both of which are free to use.

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We can see that since the O-ring stands proud of the surface, if we have a sharp edge, it may cut the top of the O-ring rather than pushing it into place:

For this example, a quick Pill Box was built around a 2.50-12 UN Thread. To make it watertight, an O-ring will be inserted into the cap. Since this use will not be holding pressure, and space is limited, a soft small o-ring will be chosen.

Why do we use O-rings? Well firstly, O-rings are cheap, standard (mostly) and easily found (mostly). They're not as easy as going to a hardware store but they are found for wholesale prices on sites such as McMaster Carr, Grainger, Apple Rubber along with the main providers like Parker. They can cost as little a few cents, and are pretty versatile.

Sizing Format: The sizing format is generally a 3-digit number. The first number designates the Series. Each Series has their own cross-section diameter. The second two numbers denote the actual size.

Non-ferrous are exactly what you would expect them to be. Use our cutting tools on non-ferrous materials such as aluminum, copper and magnesium.

Side Note: Personally, I use Buna for standard use, Hydrogenated Buna (HNBR) for Higher Temps (over 225 degrees F) and Viton for extreme Temps (requires backup system).

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Simplified Equations: These are simplified equations for the checks above. To make the outcomes more accurate, you can include things such as tolerancing to find the max and minimum amounts; X-section increase/reduction do to O-ring crush/stretch; True Revolve volumes to calculate the fill; etc. These will get you a good ballpark "Yes" or "No" answer.

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Durometer: is a measurement of how stiff/hard the rubber is. It can either be "Shore A" or "Shore D", with "Shore A" being more common. It will generally be called out when looking at the material properties. A value of 60 (super soft and gummy) to 90 (almost plastic stiff on smaller O-rings) can be common. The softer O-rings may make a better seal, were the tougher O-rings will have better wear resistance while letting minute amounts of fluid by.

·        Fill: The O-ring (and backups) shouldn't completely fill the gland. This is so that the O-ring can deform and not get nicked during assembly. A Max fill of 85% is given. This is usually mitigated by using the standard Gland Depth and lengths given in the chart above.