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Hardening steel with motor oil is a way of performing what is called the case hardening of steel. Pure steel is actually too soft for many applications. In order to put a hard layer on the steel, carbon must be fused at the molecular level into the top centimeter or so of the steel. One way to do this is to make the steel red-hot, then plunge it into motor oil. The carbon in the motor oil bonds with the top layer of red-hot steel molecules and forms a tough outer covering on the steel. One last step is necessary, however, before your hardened steel is ready to work with.

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Pick up the red-hot steel with your tongs and immediately immerse it into the motor oil. Allow the steel to remain in the oil for approximately 30 to 60 seconds.

Heat the steel using a torch or a furnace with bellows. Continue until the steel glows red-hot. Work in a well-ventilated area and wear protective clothing, heavy gloves and eye protection.

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Remove the steel from the oil and wash the item using dish soap and water. Be careful not to drop or strike your steel, as it will be brittle at this stage (much like glass), and could shatter.

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Parr, Larry. How To Harden Steel With Motor Oil last modified March 24, 2022. https://www.sciencing.com/how-4579248-harden-steel-motor-oil/

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If you wish to harden your steel to a deeper level, you can reheat it to red-hot after the first oil bath and give it a second oil bath. After the second oil bath, continue from Step 3.

Pick up the blue-hot steel with your tongs and immediately immerse it in a vat of room-temperature water. Allow the steel to cool in the water. Your steel is now case-hardened. The outside layer of steel will be at least 40 percent harder than when you started, and your steel will be malleable, rather than brittle like glass.

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Parr, Larry. (2008, October 30). How To Harden Steel With Motor Oil. sciencing.com. Retrieved from https://www.sciencing.com/how-4579248-harden-steel-motor-oil/

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Have a fire extinguisher ready in case the oil catches fire when the red-hot steel is introduced. If the oil should catch fire, simply drop the steel item into the vat and use a fire extinguisher or place a lid over the vat to smother the fire.

Parr, Larry. "How To Harden Steel With Motor Oil" sciencing.com, https://www.sciencing.com/how-4579248-harden-steel-motor-oil/. 30 October 2008.