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Work hardening, also known as strain hardening, is a metallurgical phenomenon observed in metals. It leads to an increase in hardness and strength due to plastic deformation below the recrystallization range. This process is primarily induced by mechanical stress, including machining and forming, causing structural changes in the material.
Understanding the nuances of work hardening aids in developing effective manufacturing strategies and maintaining the desired mechanical properties of materials.
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Distinguishing from Recrystallization: Work hardening is distinct from hot working as it occurs at temperatures below the recrystallization range. Hot working involves deformation at high temperatures, preventing strain hardening. Reversibility through Heat Treatment: Despite its transformative effects, work hardening isn't a permanent change. Heat treatment processes like annealing can restore the material's initial properties.
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Materials that are highly susceptible to work hardening and strain hardening during machining are typically those with a high degree of ductility.
Stainless Steel Standard Austenitic (annealed) Cold-Drawn Ferritic Martensitic (annealed) Tempered Free Machining Austenitic (annealed) Cold-Drawn Ferritic Martensitic (annealed) Tempered
Apr 18, 2023 — Titanium drill bits are one option for drilling hardened steel. These drill bits are high-speed steel bits coated with titanium nitride.
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Recommended Cutting Speeds using High-Speed Steel Tools. For Reamers use 1/2 to 2/3 speed given in this Table. For Carbide tools double the speeds.
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Aluminium Alloys: Many aluminium alloys, such as 2024 and 7075, are highly susceptible to work hardening, requiring careful tool selection and cutting techniques. Copper and Copper Alloys: Pure copper, brass, and bronze are known for their high ductility and can 'work harden' rapidly during machining. Titanium Alloys: Titanium alloys, common in aerospace and medical applications, exhibit strong work hardening tendencies, necessitating caution during machining. Stainless Steels: Austenitic stainless steels like 304 and 316 are susceptible to work hardening. Proper tooling and cutting speeds are crucial when machining them. Nickel-Based Superalloys: Superalloys such as Inconel and Monel, used in aerospace and marine applications, are highly susceptible to work hardening. Brass and Lead: Copper-zinc alloy (brass) and soft metals like lead 'work harden' easily during machining. Certain Plastics: Thermoplastic materials like polycarbonate can exhibit strain hardening under mechanical stress during machining.
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It's important to consider cutting parameters, tool selection, and lubrication to minimize work hardening and strain hardening effects during machining. Also, post-machining processes like annealing can relieve the hardening effects and restore the material's original properties when necessary.
Increased Hardness and Strength: Work hardening increases the material's hardness and strength by reconfiguring its atomic structure, hindering further deformation. Selective Metal Susceptibility: Certain metals, such as soft, low-carbon steel, alloys containing nickel and manganese, and specific superalloys like Inconel and Monel, exhibit notable work hardening traits. Plastic Deformation as Trigger: Plastic deformation, caused by various techniques such as bending, rolling, or hammering, is the primary driver of work hardening.
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Speeds in Surface Feet per Minute are specified for High-Speed Steel drill bits, and are approximate for normal drilling operations.
Recommended Speeds for Standard Materials with H.S.S. Drills ; Material, Recommended Speed (SFM) ; Aluminum and its Alloys, 200-300 ; Brass and Bronze (Ordinary) ...
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