In ferrite crystals the iron atoms are close together and there is no room for the carbon atoms between the iron atoms. That’s why the carbon attaches to the edges of the ferrite crystals.

Hardness is not the only characteristic of steel. Other mechanical characteristics are a.o. the draw strength, sturdiness (impact resistance), and cold brittleness.

Steelhardness scale

The hardness of the steel is measured by pressing a pointed object with a certain force against the steel and measuring the size of the imprint.

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Steel is a material that mainly consists of the chemical element iron (Fe). Iron is the name of an atom, and steel that consists of 100% iron is not suitable for daily use.

Steelhardness HRC

Between 200 °C and 700 °C, ferrite crystals are formed (ferrite is a name for the order of the iron and carbon atoms, just like austenite and martensite).

Besides carbon and possibly chrome, other elements are added sometimes to improve the quality of the steel on specific points. The best known elements are Vanadium and Molybdene. The influence of those elements is not described in this article as it is of a very complex matter.

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The steel type has an important impact on the price of a knife. If you want a really good knife you must be prepared to pay the price for it. But you will get an excellent piece of equipment in return.

55 HRC meaning

How hard is steelcompared tosteel

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Rockwell hardness scale

After a piece of steel has been hardened, it is too brittle to be used and is full of inner tensions. The method to remove that brittleness and tensions is called tempering.

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By quickly cooling off the steel from this phase to below 200 °C (by for example immersing in water or oil) the carbon atoms cannot leave the crystals. Because the carbon atoms are in the way, the iron atoms cannot re-arrange into ferrite crystals. Martensite crystals are formed instead.

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During tempering the steel is heated for a few hours at 200-300 °C. In that temperature the crystals re-arrange themselves which decreases the inner tensions and brittleness.

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Almost all knives are made of steel. However, pieces of steel differ. To understand the differences, we have listed some basic facts about tooling steel below.

When you slowly heat liquid steel (with 1-2% carbon) the atoms will order differently under different temperatures. That is because the atoms start to vibrate more strongly and need more room to move under increasing temperatures.

Steel consists of iron crystals, that exist in different shapes (by shapes we mean the order of the atoms) and sizes. Additions like carbon can be present in the crystals or in different shapes between the crystals. Carbon can be present as balls or discs between the crystals but can also bind to the iron atoms (carbids).

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HRC Hardness chart

How hard is steelMohs

Sharpening modern hard steel types like S90V are much more time consuming and more demanding on the used materials than the sharpening of 440C for example.

HRC hardness full form

Hardening and tempering is a lot more critical with modern steel types and must sometimes be entrusted to specialised companies.

The difference in price is only due to the cost price of the steel for a small part. The steel processing leads to the high difference in price.

If the tooling steel must be stainless steel, 8-30% chrome is added to the steel. Nickel is not used to make the tooling steel into stainless steel, as that hampers the hardening of the steel.

In austenite crystals there is room for carbon atoms, between the iron atoms. If you keep the steel at a temperature above 700 °C for a while, the carbon atoms move from the edges of the crystals to the space between the iron atoms in the crystals.

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The story sounds simple, but many parameters affect the result. Think of: the structure of the steel before it is hardened, the exact temperature, the duration of heating, the speed of cooling and the influence of other elements added purposely, or unintended as impurities in the steel.

The structure of the steel therefore not only depends on the composition but also the treatments the steel underwent. Think of heat and cold treatments and welding (= shaping steel in a solid shape by remodelling).

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It is very important to know that the composition of a type of steel in itself does not say anything about the characteristics of the steel.