The alto flute is the only common concert flute (besides the rare exception of the Db piccolo) that transposes by something other than just an octave.  It is in G, meaning it sounds a perfect fourth lower than the C flute.  For example, if the player fingers an F like on the concert flute, the alto will actually sound a C, which means that the music needs to be written a fourth higher than concert pitch.  If a piece was in concert A major, the alto part would have to be written in D major so that when it sounds a fourth lower, it is playing the correct pitch.

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Also, there are some piccolos out there, especially older ones, that are not only an octave higher than flute but are in Db, meaning that it sounds a half step higher than the notes that are fingered.  For example, if the player fingers a C, the note that actually will sound is a Db.  Therefore, music needs to be in a key a half step lower than what is written for C instruments for them to sound at the same pitch. That way the player does not need to relearn different note names while using their C flute or piccolo fingerings.  A famous example of this is John Philip Sousa’s “The Stars and Stripes Forever”.  The band is in the key of Ab major, which is the same key a C piccolo would play in.  However, at the time it was written, Db piccolos were more commonly used, so the players of these instruments would be playing in the key of G major (but still sounding in Ab major) which is a little easier to finger than Ab major.

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The alto flute is not quite as common as the piccolo and concert flute, only occasionally showing up in orchestras and bands and sometimes even jazz bands.  But it is much more commonly found in flute choirs or in small chamber groups.

There are actually many other flutes in the concert flute family, although the previously mentioned ones are the most common.  There is the flûte d’amour which is somewhere between a C flute and an alto flute and is in the key of either Ab, A, or Bb.  There is also a contr’alto flute which sounds an octave lower than the alto flute (although some are in F instead of G) placing it in range between a bass flute and a contrabass flute.

The piccolo is the highest member of the concert flute family and the second most common type of concert flute.  It is half the length of the C flute with just two parts, a headjoint and body, and most are conical with the inside diameter at the end of the piccolo smaller than the top, although some cylindrical ones exist especially on older piccolos.  They are made out of either metal like silver or nickel, plastic, wood, or a composite material (basically a bit of plastic and wood combined).

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For more information on contrabass flutes with additional recordings, please see the blog post “How Low Can a Flute Go?  FAQs About The Contrabass Flute!”

It also has essentially a 3 octave range, from low C one ledger line below the staff to really high C on the space above 5 ledger lines above the staff.  Although some flutes have a B footjoint (more info on the many possible flute features in the free “Finding Your First or Forever Flute (and How to Make It Last)!” digital course), which allows them to play the B right below low C.  And it is possible to play even higher than high C as well!  It is not rare for flutists to play up to D above high C, and every once in a while maybe even higher up to F.  But if you go that high, WEAR MUSICIAN’S EARPLUGS! Here are some good ones in the most commonly needed small and medium sizes.

Like the other concert flutes, alto flutes have about a 3 octave range starting from low C.  The majority of altos do not have a B footjoint, only a C.  Also, almost all types of concert flutes besides C flutes have only closed hole keys, but there are a couple of brands out there like Kingma & Brannen and Kotato that have open holes.

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The bass flute is another low flute being about twice the size of the concert flute and sounding an octave lower.  Unlike alto flutes, all bass flutes have a curved headjoint as the instrument would be way too long to play with a straight headjoint.  In fact, while most bass flutes are transverse (held to the side), some are actually vertical for those who do not want to hold up a bass flute.  There are also various crutches and support stands to help keep up a transverse instrument.

There are even flutes that go an octave or two lower than a contrabass flute but the terminology for those gets a little confusing as there are so few of them out there and there are no standardized names, but you will hear terms like subcontrabass flute, double contrabass flute, and hyperbass flute.

The alto flute is a little bigger than the concert flute and therefore sounds a bit lower.  It is made out of metal, usually silver, nickel, or copper.  It has the same 3 joints like the flute, however the headjoint on an alto can be either straight like normal or curved to make the stretch of the arms less.  Just be aware though that since most altos are built for a straight headjoint, a curved headjoint might make the alto play a little less in tune than it normally would, unless it was specifically built and tuned for a curved headjoint.

It has about a 3 octave range as well although the lowest note on most piccolos is a D instead of a C, but there are a few specially made piccolos that do go down to the C.  The piccolo is also a C instrument, however it does sound one octave higher than the flute.  Therefore, you should ALWAYS WEAR EARPLUGS (see above for links) while playing piccolo, because the piccolo plays in the same register as the high notes on flute and beyond.

Let’s first start with the instrument that most people think of when they think of the word flute, the concert flute, where the concert flute family gets its name.  It is also sometimes known as the Western concert flute to distinguish it from the many types of world flutes out there.

The concert flute comes in three pieces called a headjoint (where you blow), a body (the long part with all the keys), and a footjoint (the short part with a few keys).  Just like a person, it has a head, body, and foot!  It is usually made out of silver although there are flutes made out of a variety of other materials like nickel, gold, platinum, or wood.  It is generally cylindrical except for the headjoint which has a slight taper to it, bigger at the opening and smaller at the crown.

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The contrabass flute is the lowest and newest standard member of the concert flute family.  It is silver plated (or sometimes even made out of PVC!) and sounds two octaves below the C flute.  It basically has a three octave range from either low C or B depending on the footjoint, although some of them do not have trill keys so alternate fingerings should be used for high notes.

When shopping for a new flute or headjoint, it is important to know the different types of materials available and how to choose the material of your flute.

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Bass flutes and other even lower flutes are almost never found in orchestras or bands as they would be too soft to be heard.  However, they are very common in flute choirs and can be heard in small ensembles or as soloists.

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Most bass flutes are silver plated and have a three octave range.  Most have a C footjoint but some have a B footjoint.  Also, some have trill keys and some do not.

For the young (or young at heart) flute enthusiast, meet Flutie and learn about her flute family and hear all of them play in the book “Flutie’s Family Reunion”, available as both a paperback and digital book.  And flute choirs can perform the “Flute Family Showcase Concert” found at the end of the book to introduce an audience to each of the members of the flute choir.

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The flute family is enormous!  Since a flute is essentially any instrument where a player blows across an opening (as opposed to directly on a reed like other woodwinds or by buzzing into a mouthpiece like brass), there are tons of instruments that fall into this category.  In fact, flutes are found all over the world and in all cultures. But today we are going to be specifically talking about types of concert flutes, the ones you usually see in bands, orchestras, and flute choirs.  While the most common one is the concert flute itself, there are several other common types including the piccolo, alto, bass, and contrabass flutes.

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It is also sometimes known as a C flute because it is a non-transposing instrument, which means a note is called the same name as it sounds.  For example, if a C flute player fingers what is called an A on that instrument, it will sound an A in the expected octave when he or she blows.  So if it is the A on the second space of the staff, it will be the same A as a piano sounds when playing the A on the second space of the staff.  You might be wondering, well don’t all instruments play the actual note they are calling it or else why call it that at all?  No, they don’t, and the reasons will be more obvious as we talk about the other flute family members.

The concert flute (or C flute) is just one of a variety of different types of flutes.  There are lots of flutes in the concert flute family as well as MANY world and historical flutes.  There are many benefits of a concert flutist playing other types of flutes!