For production runs in large workshops, CNC machining centres are often used, which are machines that are essentially a milling machine, but closed and computer-controlled (CNC), and generally have automatic tool change and often more than 3 axes.

They do not have the rigidity of a conventional milling machine with a cast iron frame, so they are often used to mill wood, plastics, carbon fibre or aluminium. Due to their large X and Y dimensions and reduced Z travels, they are mainly used for machining simple plates or flat parts. They are always numerically controlled.

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The structures that support the forces of a milling machine are usually made of cast iron to obtain very heavy and rigid parts that maintain the shape of the milling machine and absorb vibrations. There are also welded steel frames, which are generally less rigid.

It refers to the direction of the cutting tool. In traditional milling machines it does so in one position only which can be the following:

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In this case, it is not the table that moves and consequently not the workpiece either. What does move is the structure that holds the head. They are usually very large and used on flat objects that are difficult to handle.

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In this article we talk about what milling machines are, what types exist, what they are used for, and what types of parts and operations can be done with them.

The lathe is used to create revolving parts. That is, parts that can be created by turning a metal cylinder and removing metal with lathing tools.

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Tormach milling machines are considerably more expensive and are very popular in the USA as starter machines or for small workshops.

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A DRO can be purchased directly installed on the milling machine or it can be installed later in a relatively simple modification. Here is a video on how to use and install a DRO in a milling machine:

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Not all materials, not all metals, are cut at the same rate. Every combination of cutter material and material to be cut requires a tool speed to give the best possible finish and to ensure that tool life is not affected.

Just as we have talked about top-of-the-range huge gantry milling machines for milling very large parts, this type of design is also used in machines for hobbyists, known as CNC routers.

This type of machine is fully digitally controlled. It is ideal for automating manufacturing processes. The cutting and milling operations are previously designed on the computer in a CAM software and transmitted to the machine in the GCODE format.

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The most basic milling machines use cranks with vernier (scales to see the feed) so that the operator can move the axes when turning them. Some milling machines also include automatic feed on one of their shafts, the operator can engage a shaft to move it automatically and finish the operation without having to move the crank.

Another of the essential elements of a milling machine. It’s the heart of the machine. Its power, revolutions and torques vary according to the model and the intended use.

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One of the most common accessories to a manual machine is the DRO. The reader indicates the position of the axes on a screen so it is not necessary to use the vernier cranks or take more measurements than necessary.

We have talked about industrial machines, with prices in the order of several tens of thousands of euros. Do you know that there are cheaper models for small workshops and for training?

The functions of this device are very diverse and will depend on the characteristics of each machine. However, we can name the main ones.

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This Standard was last reviewed and reaffirmed in {{activeProduct.ReaffirmationYear}}. Therefore this version remains in effect.

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Parts that are manufactured by machining can be single parts, short or medium series; for industrial applications, machinery, aerospace, medical industry… They are also manufactured by machining or parts are machined for mass production, for example, in the automotive industry.

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As with milling machines, there are vertical and horizontal machining centres, although the distinction is not as simple as with milling machines.

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Here are some classifications of milling machines according to the characteristics that we think are most important, explained in a practical way and with pictures ?

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They are the ones that give movement to the cartesian axes. There is one “X”, “Y” and “Z” respectively. With them we will move the component fixed on the bed and the spindle that contains the milling cutter. The milling machine can have more of these elements depending on the number of possible movements, or if we place a fourth rotation axis.

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This Standard specifies the thread form, series, class, allowance, tolerance, and designation for unified screw threads. (In order to emphasize that unified screw threads are based on inch modules, they may be denoted unified inch screw threads.) Several variations in thread form have been developed for unified threads; however, this Standard covers only [Unified] UN and UNR [external threads only] thread forms. For easy reference, a metric translation of this Standard has been incorporated as Nonmandatory Appendix C. Nonmandatory Appendices A through E contain useful information that is supplementary to the sections of this Standard.

Parts with more complex geometries are produced on 5-axis machining centres, which allow the part to be rotated in two axes of rotation so that the milling cutter can access all sides of the object (except that of the grip) and mill at any angle.

The milling cutter is the cutting tool used in milling machines. A milling cutter contains one or more cutting edges that remove metal chips when the tool is rotated. There are many different types of milling cutters, depending on the type of work to be done on the part. Here are some examples:

Now that we know what its functions are, let’s get to know the anatomy of a milling machine. To do this, we must take into account that its parts and accessories will vary according to the machine model. For that reason we will name the most important ones.

Nowadays, milling machines are usually used in small workshops and for the manufacture of prototypes, single parts, large parts… CNC machining centres are the ones that carry most of the manufacturing load on CNC parts.

Still not clear what a milling machine is and how to use it? I think these concepts are best explained with a video. Here’s an educational video on the use of a vertical milling machine, like the ones we’re talking about in this article:

These milling machines can be purchased with numerical control or can be modified to a manual milling machine so that it can be controlled by CNC. Here is one example of how to convert a milling machine to CNC control:

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The lathe and the milling machine are the two pillars of machining, but they have completely different uses and characteristics.

UNThread chart

In them the spindle is placed in a vertical column, through which it moves up and down and from which it comes out and enters through an arm. This design is used when the parts are large or heavy, as it is the machine that moves around the part to machine it and the movements are minimised. Boring machines, which are specialised in machining holes with very precise tolerances, are usually fixed or mobile column machines.

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We have gathered some reviews of the cheaper models and types that exist so that you can get an idea of the options that exist beyond industrial milling machines.

A milling machine is a machine that roughs, cuts or (even) drills different solid materials, usually metal. This is done by removing the chips through high speed rotation of the milling cutter and the movement of the axes, either of the element or the mechanism.

What is a milling machine used for? Milling machines are used to manufacture machined parts, which are usually made of metal (steel, aluminium or other metals), although they can also be made of plastic or wood.

It contains the device that holds and secures the cutting element. In some cases it may contain the power button and accessories such as lamps and coolant hoses. And it contains the tool axis or spindle, the rotating element on which the milling cutter is placed.

It’s where we’ll place the part we need to mill. On the table, the raw metal block to be milled is fixed, using different systems. The most common system is to hold the part with a vice or with clamps, screws and T-nuts, as the part has to be strongly fixed and in the right position before starting the milling.

The lathe came into being before the milling machine, and can be used to produce cheaper parts when they have the proper shape and can be adapted to the machine. Some parts can only be produced on a lathe, such as screws, spindles, shafts… On the other hand, the lathe is a less versatile machine, as a milling machine allows a greater variety of geometries and different parts to be created.

Machining centres are machines that share many characteristics with milling machines. In fact, it could be said that they are a sub-group of milling machines but they have been modernized to produce machined parts in large volumes and with high precision.

There are motors with variable speed control, which is done electronically, and fixed speed motors that regulate the speed and power with a system of pulleys or gears.

They will define the types of movement our milling machine will have. The greater the number of axes, the greater the machining possibilities, as well as the cost of the machine and the complexity of programming the operations:

Classic vertical or horizontal milling machines (knee mills) usually have a coordinate table (X and Y) that moves up and down the Z axis on a rigid support called a console. Most modern millers and vertical machining centers usually have a stationary X and Y axis and it is the head (not the part) that moves up and down on independent guides (bed mills). Both share a similar C structure.

This is why milling machines have a gearbox that takes the power output from the engine and converts it at different adjustable speeds or even in different directions (to be able to mill vertically or horizontally) or machine elements (to be able to have automatic movement on one of the axes).

The milling machines that we have presented in this article are mostly open milling machines, 3 axis, manual, with digital reading… This type of traditional milling machines are used for small series or single parts, they allow working fast and the manual or automatic control of the machine. They are usually used in small workshops, in tooling or prototype workshops, in machining schools, mechanic’s shops…

Conventional milling machines have a C-shaped structure on which the machine elements are distributed. The most important feature of the milling machine structure is rigidity, to withstand the milling forces without deformation and to maintain the tolerances of the workpiece.

As with most tools, there are different milling machines with specific functions, sizes and characteristics. They can be categorized by different criteria.