Steeluses

The carbon content of steel can range from 0.1 percent to 1.5 percent, but the most commonly used steel types contain between 0.1 to 0.25 percent carbon. Elements such as manganese, phosphorus and sulfur are found in all steel types, and while manganese produces beneficial effects, phosphorus and sulfur are harmful to the strength and durability of steel.

Material Requirements: A known disadvantage of thread rolling is its incompatibility with hard materials. The materials to be rolled must have a hardness not greater than HRC 40. Materials that can be rolled are low-carbon steels, mild steels, stainless steels, copper alloys, and often, aluminum. Moreover, the material must have the right degree of ductility. The recommended range is 12 to 20% elongation factor.

Steel used for erecting buildings, warehouses, steel halls, sports halls, steel buildings and the like is most often carbon steel. Steel suitable for use as a structural material is most often defined as a weldable alloy of iron and certain (standardised) small amounts of other elements.

Carbon steel contains traces of alloying elements and accounts for 90 percent of total steel production. Carbon steel can be further categorized into three groups depending on the carbon content:

Structural steel is delivered in hot-rolled and straightened condition. However, larger dimensions can be normalized to improve swath toughness.

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Steelis an alloy of

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Corten is a type of special steel with an alloy that allows it to quickly get an outer film of rust . This is done with the intention that a further rust process will be delayed. It is also called stainless steel.

In-feed rolling uses a timed machine cycle. This is used for the general rolling of parts up to the maximum width of the face of the dies, less die chamfers. In-feed rolling dies, also known as plunge rolling, are suitable for threading with a shoulder or a headed workpiece.

With over 11% chromium, stainless steel is about 200 times more corrosion resistant than low-alloy carbon steel. These steels can be divided into three groups based on their crystalline structure:

Thru-feed rolling is used for rolling threads that exceed the maximum face width of the dies, as well as for continuous rolling of long threaded bars. Here, the rolling dies have grooves with no pitch; the groove cross-section is that of the standard flank profile. The thread pitch is produced by skewing the die axes by the pitch angle of the thread. This means the workpiece is given an axial thrust and moves one pitch length in the axial direction for every full revolution. As the axial thrust kicks in immediately when the workpiece enters the assembly, larger threads are not formed to full depth in one pass.

Circular thread rolling die gives more control to the rolling process, with power to all rolls and controlled penetration rates. This allows harder and more difficult materials to be threaded.

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Basically, steel consists of iron and carbon, although it is the amount of carbon, as well as the level of impurities and alloying elements that determine the properties of each type of steel.

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Choose the most suitable thread rolling tool for your workpiece, or we can suggest you for the case as long as we have your workpiece for the study in ahead!

Tool steel contains tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt and vanadium in varying quantities to increase heat resistance and durability, making them ideal for cutting and drilling equipment.

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Structural steel is used for parts or structures, both with or without welding, where strength requirements are moderate. Low carbon weldable structural steel has a chemical composition that is easy to weld, e.g. without the need for preheating the material. Medium carbon machine steels have poorer weldability but can be heat treated to achieve a wider range of properties. In addition, they have better machinability than low carbon steels.

Steelchemical formula

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Steel composition percentageformula

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• Martensitic (13 Cr, 17-4PH etc): Martensitic steel contains 11 to 17 percent chromium, less than 0.4 percent nickel and up to 1.2 percent carbon. These are magnetic and heat treated

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Steel composition percentagechart

Alloy steel contains alloying elements (such as manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium and aluminum ) in varying proportions to manipulate the steel's properties, such as hardenability, corrosion resistance, strength, formability, weldability or ductility.

The table below shows the typical features of steel at room temperature (25°C). The wide areas of fracture strength, tensile strength and hardness are largely due to different heat treatment.

Stainlesssteel composition percentage

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Thread Rolling Speeds: Thread rolling speeds depend on the mechanical and power limitations of the machine, the thread diameter, and the material and hardness of the metal stock. Rolling speeds can range from 30 to 100 m/min. Low rolling speeds are required for hard materials while high speeds are for soft and ductile materials.

Coolant and Lubricant: Coolants or cutting fluids are extensively used in thread cutting, but these are also necessary for thread rolling. Deforming the metal also generates heat which can compromise both the dies and stock. Moreover, coolants can act also as lubricants to reduce the friction between the dies and stock.

In the in-feed process, the profile grooves of the rolls have the pitch of the thread to be produced. The rolls, driven at the same speed, move in the same direction. During rolling, the workpiece moves due to friction with no axial shifting. As the thread produced by this means is an exact copy of the rolling dies, threads of this kind have a very high pitch accuracy. The maximum length of the thread is limited by the width of the dies (30-200 mm).

The steel is temperature resistant, and rusts to a lesser extent than other steels. In addition to hot areas, the material is used for facades, landscaping and works of art. In Norway, corten steel is often used for plant boxes, beds and garden edging.

• Austenitic (304, 316, 6Mo, 904 etc): Austenitic steel is non-magnetic and non-heat treated, and usually contains 18 percent chromium, 8 percent nickel, and less than 0.8 percent carbon. Austenitic steel accounts for the largest share of the global stainless steel market

According to the American Institute of Iron and Steel (AISI), steel can to a high degree be categorized into four groups based on their chemical compositions:

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Chemicalcompositionofsteelgrades

Thread rolling is an integral cold-forming process, used to produce a variety of threads, knurls and helical gears. The process involves deforming a metal blank by rolling it through a die. This process forms external threads along the surface of the metal blank. Internal threads can be formed using the same principle. In contrast to other widely applied threading operations such as thread cutting, thread rolling is not a subtractive process. That means it doesn’t remove metal from the stock. Rolled threaded fasteners offer advantages such as stronger threads, precise final dimensions, good surface finish, and a lower coefficient of friction.

Different types of steel are produced according to the characteristics required for different uses, and different character systems are used to separate steel based on these characteristics.

• Ferritic (22% Cr and 25% Cr Duplex): Ferritic steel contains traces of nickel, 12-17 percent chromium, less than 0.1 percent carbon, along with other alloying elements, such as molybdenum, aluminum or titanium. These magnetic steels cannot be hardened by heat treatment, but can be strengthened by cold forming

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Chamfer Angle: Chamfer is the tapered conical surface at the start of a thread. Before rolling, the edge at one end of the stock must be machined to have a chamfer. A correct chamfer angle must be set to properly shape the thread at the end. The recommended chamfer angle is 30° for most cases.

Conclusion：Through the above explanation, we summarize the three points of the thread rolling dies to make a clear comparison.

Stainless steel* usually contains between 10 to 20 percent chromium as the main alloy element and is valued for its high corrosion resistance.

Stainlesssteel composition

Feeding: There are three basic techniques for feeding the stock into the dies: radial in-feed, tangential feed, and through feed. In radial in-feed, the dies move radially towards the axis of the stock. For tangential feed, the pitch of the stock approaches the rollers from its side making square, tangential contact. Lastly, through feed involves a cylindrical die that mates against the stock causing it to move axially.

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  • Nickel, together with chromium, provides increased hardenability, higher impact strength and better fatigue abilities. If a lot of nickel is used, there is a risk of hydrogen cracks

A type of stainless steel containing molybdenum in addition to chromium and nickel. The structure is austenitic and a further development of the 18-8 steel (see austenitic above). The acid-resistant variant of this contains 17-19% chromium, 8-13% nickel, 2-2.5% molybdenum and 2% manganese. Acid-resistant steels are particularly resistant in corrosive environments, such as harsh maritime environments, chemical and petrochemical industries.