Hardened SteelPrice

Quenching from the carburising temperature and subsequent tempering of the component produces a high-carbon martensite having great hardness and wear resistance near the surface. The uncarburised core retains its original good strength and toughness properties.

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What is hardened steelused for

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Hardened steelproperties

Gears used in large wind turbines are subject to extreme loads at the flanks and toes of their teeth, especially when sudden changes in wind speed or hard stops occur. A hard case and tough core result in a more wear-resistant gear capable of handling high impact loads. Wind-turbine gearboxes are designed to minimize mechanical noise for quiet operation, but gear noise increases during life due to abrasion of gear tooth surfaces. Increasing the surface hardness and abrasion resistance of gears will thus decrease gearbox noise. The hard case/tough core combination possessed by carburized gears is of advantage in this regard. The low-alloy steels generally used for case-hardening processes (e.g. 20MnCr5) are not applicable when long fatigue life and high toughness are required. High-performance NiCrMo case-carburizing steels provide deep hardening ability and possess high fatigue resistance. Currently, the grade 18CrNiMo7-6 is the standard gear steel for windmill gearboxes. With respect to further optimizing carburizing steels for large and heavily loaded gears, the following priorities can be defined:

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Hardened steelgrades

A tough core and a hard case are the desired attributes of case-hardened steel components. This combination of properties provides wear resistance and fatigue strength at the surface, and impact strength in the core. It is achieved by carburizing the component’s surface, then quenching and tempering the part. Carburized components include gears of all kind, camshafts, universal joints, driving pinions, link components, axles and arbours. All these components must resist wear and fatigue, have inherent toughness, and still be machinable.Typical applications include:

During carburisation, the component is heated in a carbon-releasing medium to a temperature where the steel is completely austenitic. Carbon’s solubility is much higher in austenite than in ferrite, which allows carbon to pass through the steel surface and diffuse into the component. Carburization can increase the surface carbon content up to 0.7%. Controlling the time at temperature allows control of the depth to which the carbon diffuses, and thus the thickness of the “case.” It also allows the carbon content of the core to remain at about 0.25%. An important microstructural goal during carburisation is a stable, uniformly fine-grained austenite. A uniform austenite grain size results in low distortion after heat treatment, while a fine austenite grain size improves fatigue resistance and toughness.

What is hardened steelvssteel

The selection of appropriate alloying elements permits precise control of hardenability from the surface to the core. (See Figure 1 for an example of a Jominy curve used to assess hardenability.) The appropriate steel depends on the size of the part to be treated, since it is a goal to produce a strong, tough, tempered martensite structure in the core.

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The case hardness can be increased further by forming a dispersion of ultra-hard Mo and Nb carbides. This will offer a better mechanical support to the carburized case or a potential hard surface coating. Simply raising the bulk carbon content would of course also raise the hardenability, but this approach sacrifices toughness.

What is hardened steelmade of

Figure 1. Jominy test results on two modified 18CrNiMo7-6 (solid line) steels, showing how Mo additions can improve the performance of windmill gearboxes.

After the carburized component is quenched, it is tempered to improve toughness. Higher tempering temperatures produce higher toughness with a corresponding loss in hardness and strength. The choice of tempering temperature must therefore balance these conflicting effects.

Hardened steelvs stainlesssteel

What is hardened steelvs carbonsteel

Case hardness and strength decrease rapidly when standard carburising steels are tempered above 180 °C. Because of this, critical applications restrict maximum operating temperatures to 120-160 °C, and gear cooling becomes important. By significantly increasing the Mo content, and with an optional Nb addition, the steel’s tempering resistance is greatly enhanced. Figure 2 shows the effect of adding 2% Mo instead of the standard 0.25%. The increased Mo content produces a surface hardness of more than 700 HV (60 HRC), even after tempering at 300°C.

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Molybdenum (0.15 - 0.50%) is used in carburising steels to increase the hardenability of the low-carbon core and toughen the high-carbon case at the same time. It is especially effective in large cross sections like those of wind-turbine gears. Molybdenum is not oxidised during carburisation, so it does not cause increased surface cracking and spalling. This also means it is not lost by reaction, but remains present in the alloy to provide effective hardening.

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Several sources of property degradation must be attacked to accomplish these goals. Intergranular oxidation in the carburized layer can initiate fatigue fracture, reducing the fatigue strength of the tooth. It also causes a soft zone near the surface of the carburized layer. Eliminating anomalies in surface structure is thus an important goal in the development of gears with high fatigue strength. Raising the tempering temperature improves toughness, but requires increased tempering resistance in order not to lose strength. The initial approach to implement these improvements is to adjust the steel’s chemical composition, using the following guidelines:

Figure 1 shows the effect of compositional modifications on the hardenability of a 0.18% C reference carburizing steel (18CrNiMo7-6). The powerful effect of adding carbide formers is apparent.  In this figure, the solid line shows the hardenability of the reference steel. Raising the Ni content and lowering Mo (bottom dashed line) raises core toughness by promoting bainite formation, but decreases case hardness by increasing the fraction of retained austenite after carburization. Alloying with a combination of Mo and special carbide formers (top dashed line) raises the hardness of the component uniformly, and increases the case hardness above the basic hardness of 0.18% C steel (dotted line).

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