Drillspeed calculator

The Five Cent Indian Head coin was designed in 1912 by James Earl Fraser as part of the Mint’s campaign to beautify American coinage. It’s known as being one of the more distinct and eye appealing coins capturing the beauty of the American West. This unique coin stepped away from the traditional Lady Liberty by featuring a realistic portrait of a Native American front combined with a bison on the reverse to showcase the beauty of the American West. It was produced at the Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco Mints from 1913 to 1938.

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James Earle Fraser, a former assistant of Augustus Saint-Gaudens who designed the ultra-high relief Double Eagle, was a prolific artist best known for his monumental “End of the Trail” Indian sculpture, created a truly unique design for the new coin. Interestingly enough, up until that time, the “Indians” portrayed on U.S. coins were primarily Caucasian with an Indian headdress, epitomized by Saint Gauden’s Greek Nike head on the 1907 Indian eagle. Fraser’s wanted a design that accurately portrayed Indians as they actually looked.

\( \large R_a = K \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)\( \normalsize \text {(K is a constant that depends on the units used)} \)This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)

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TheorySince the feddrate for turning is expressed in distance per one full spindle rotation, the linear speed in the feed direction is the product of the feedrate and the spindle rotation speed:\( \large V_f = n \times F_n \)Hence the cutting time is the length divided by the linear speed:\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

By the end of 1937, the Buffalo Nickel had been in production for the mandatory twenty-five years, and planning for its successor was well underway. It was to be replaced by the third coin to bear a likeness of one of our presidents, Thomas Jefferson. The Jefferson nickel continues in production to this day. By the late 1960s, few Buffalo Nickels were seen in circulation. It was the end of a series of coins that deserves more collector interest. In 2006, the image was reused for a special commemorative $50 gold piece --the USA's first 24k (pure gold) coin.

\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large n= \huge \frac{V_c}{C} \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)

Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, and larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large Vc= n \times C \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{1000} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{12} \)

The MRR Calculator determines the volume of material removed per minute by a turning operation at certain cutting conditions.Ap -Depth of cutFn – FeedrateVc – Cutting SpeedQ – MRRToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe Metal removal rate (MRR) is measured in cubic inches (Or cubic cm) per minute and indicates how much material is machined in one minute at a set of cutting conditions. In turning, it is the product of the Feedrate, depth of cut, and cutting speed. Learn more in our in-depth Metal Removal Page. MRR is used for two purposes:Comparing the productivity between two sets of cutting conditions.Estimating the required machine power consumption.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]ap -Depth of cut [mm]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]Q – Metal Removal Rate [cm3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]ap -Depth of cut [inch]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]Q – Metal Removal Rate [inch3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \times 12\)

Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]ap -Depth of cut [mm]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]Q – Metal Removal Rate [cm3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]ap -Depth of cut [inch]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]Q – Metal Removal Rate [inch3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \times 12\)

Cuttingspeed calculator

\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

LatheRPMcalculatormetric

Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, it is larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large n= \huge \frac{V_c}{C} \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)

\( \large V_f = n \times F_n \)Hence the cutting time is the length divided by the linear speed:\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

Big Tree claimed to be one of three Native American chiefs whose profiles were composited to make the portrait featured on the obverse of the United States' Indian Head Nickel and further claimed that his profile was used to create the portion of the portrait from the top of the forehead to the upper lip.

Speeds and feedscalculator

Determine how long it takes to turn a given length at certain cutting conditions.Fn – FeedrateVc – Cutting Speedn – Spindle Speedl – LengthToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheorySince the feddrate for turning is expressed in distance per one full spindle rotation, the linear speed in the feed direction is the product of the feedrate and the spindle rotation speed:\( \large V_f = n \times F_n \)Hence the cutting time is the length divided by the linear speed:\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

Two Moons (1847–1917) was one of the Cheyenne chiefs who took part in the Battle of the Little Bighorn also known as Custer’s last stand, along with other battles against the United States Army. Two Moons was the son of Carries the Otter, an Arikara captive who married into the Cheyenne tribe. Perhaps known best for his participation in battles such as the Battle of the Rosebud against General Crook in the Montana Territory, the Battle of Little Big Horn, and what would prove to be his last battle which was that of the Battle of Wolf Mountain. Two Moons was finally defeated in the battle at Wolf mountain by General Nelson A. Miles and would inevitably surrender his Cheyenne band at Fort Keogh in April 1877. But it doesn’t end there.

No matter who the third chief was, the compilation image for the obverse design depicts a large, powerful portrait of an Indian, facing right. The appearance is rough looking, unlike the smooth cheeks and other facial features that typify the many versions of Lady Liberty that have been on U.S Coins. We do know who the model was for the reverse side of the coin, and it is commonly mistaken for a buffalo but is actually a bison on the reverse.

\( \large R_a = K \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)\( \normalsize \text {(K is a constant that depends on the units used)} \)This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)

Millingspeedand feedCalculatorfree download

The first Buffalo Nickels were struck on February 22, 1913. They were unofficially introduced into limited circulation at the groundbreaking ceremony for the National American Indian Memorial in Staten Island, New York. Forty new nickels were sent to the ceremony to be distributed by President Taft to the attending Native American chiefs including Two Moons. (Despite the groundbreaking ceremony, the National American Indian Memorial was never actually built.)

\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large n= \huge \frac{V_c}{C} \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)

Power Tip – The feedrate is squared in the formula and therefore has a more significant influence. When you need to improve the surface quality, start by reducing the feedrate\( \large R_a = K \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)\( \normalsize \text {(K is a constant that depends on the units used)} \)This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)

\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large Vc= n \times C \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{1000} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{12} \)

Determine the theoretical surface roughness that can be achieved per a given pair or insert corner radius and feedrate.Power Tip – Below is a simple calculator with basic explanations. For advanced surface finish calculators with detailed explanations, Go HereFn – Feedrater – Corner RadiusRa – Surface FinishToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe surface roughness of the turning operation depends on the feedrate and the insert corner radius. A lower feedrate improves the surface finish, as does a larger corner radius.Power Tip – The feedrate is squared in the formula and therefore has a more significant influence. When you need to improve the surface quality, start by reducing the feedrate\( \large R_a = K \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)\( \normalsize \text {(K is a constant that depends on the units used)} \)This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)

This page is a collection of basic Turning calculators and formulas. Each topic includes an online calculator, formulas, and explanations. For easier use, you can toggle between the units (Metric/Imperial) and choose to view everything or only the calculators (Explanations and formulas will be hidden)This page includes only elementary calculators. For more advanced calculators, there is a separate page for each. Go to the Machining Calculators Page for the complete list.Choose a Turning CalculatorCutting SpeedSpindle SpeedMetal RemovalMachining TimeSurface FinishPayment options Cutting Speed Calculator and FormulasHow to calculate the cutting speed in a turning operation based on the workpiece diameter and spindle speedd – Turned Diametern – Spindle SpeedVc – Cutting SpeedToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryCutting speed is the relative linear velocity between the tip of the turning insert and the workpiece. It is the product of the rotation speed of the workpiece (Spindle speed) and the circumference at the smallest diameter of the cut.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, and larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large Vc= n \times C \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{1000} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{12} \)Spindle Speed Calculator and FormulasHow to calculate the spindle speed of a lathe based on the turned diameter and cutting speedd – Turned Diametern – Spindle Speed.Vc – Cutting SpeedToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe turning inserts catalog or our experience tells us the cutting speed we need to use for a given application. On the other hand, the CNC lathe is limited by its maximum spindle speed. Therefore it is common that we need to compute the spindle speed out of a given cutting speed to ensure that the speed we want to run at is within the machine’s limit. It is calculated by dividing the cutting speed by the turned diameter circumference.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, it is larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large n= \huge \frac{V_c}{C} \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Metal Removal Rate Calculator and FormulasThe MRR Calculator determines the volume of material removed per minute by a turning operation at certain cutting conditions.Ap -Depth of cutFn – FeedrateVc – Cutting SpeedQ – MRRToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe Metal removal rate (MRR) is measured in cubic inches (Or cubic cm) per minute and indicates how much material is machined in one minute at a set of cutting conditions. In turning, it is the product of the Feedrate, depth of cut, and cutting speed. Learn more in our in-depth Metal Removal Page. MRR is used for two purposes:Comparing the productivity between two sets of cutting conditions.Estimating the required machine power consumption.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]ap -Depth of cut [mm]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]Q – Metal Removal Rate [cm3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]ap -Depth of cut [inch]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]Q – Metal Removal Rate [inch3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \times 12\)Machining Time Calculator and FormulasDetermine how long it takes to turn a given length at certain cutting conditions.Fn – FeedrateVc – Cutting Speedn – Spindle Speedl – LengthToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheorySince the feddrate for turning is expressed in distance per one full spindle rotation, the linear speed in the feed direction is the product of the feedrate and the spindle rotation speed:\( \large V_f = n \times F_n \)Hence the cutting time is the length divided by the linear speed:\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Surface Finish Calculator and FormulasDetermine the theoretical surface roughness that can be achieved per a given pair or insert corner radius and feedrate.Power Tip – Below is a simple calculator with basic explanations. For advanced surface finish calculators with detailed explanations, Go HereFn – Feedrater – Corner RadiusRa – Surface FinishToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe surface roughness of the turning operation depends on the feedrate and the insert corner radius. A lower feedrate improves the surface finish, as does a larger corner radius.Power Tip – The feedrate is squared in the formula and therefore has a more significant influence. When you need to improve the surface quality, start by reducing the feedrate\( \large R_a = K \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)\( \normalsize \text {(K is a constant that depends on the units used)} \)This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Related Glossary Terms:Cutting SpeedRPMCircumferenceCNC MachineMetal Removal Rate (MRR)Feedrate (Turning)Surface Finish

The Buffalo Nickel was officially introduced into circulation on March 4, 1913, and within a week Chief Engraver Charles E. Barber was expressing concern about how quickly the dies were wearing out during production. According to his estimates, Buffalo Nickel dies were wearing out and breaking more than three times faster than the Liberty Head Nickel dies. Barber and others at the Mint also believed the Buffalo Nickel wouldn’t hold up very well to ordinary wear and tear, and that in particular the date and the “FIVE CENTS” marking would wear away completely. To correct these problems, Barber prepared several revisions to the design, Fraser approved them, and this slightly revised Buffalo Nickel went into production right away. An interesting side note, Barber’s revised dies wore out even faster after his revisions, and the changes never did help with the wear problem.

This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)

Iron Tail was an Oglala Lakota or Oglala Sioux Chief and a star performer with Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show. It was well documented that he and “Wild Bill” also known as Colonel William Cody, were best friends. Iron Tail was not a war chief and had no remarkable record as a fighter like Two Moon, he wasn’t a "medicine" man or conjurer, but he was a wise counselor and diplomat. Iron Tail was known to be dignified, quiet, and never given to boasting and seldom even made a speech. He cared nothing for gaudy regalia, but he always had a smile, was fond of children, horses, and his friends.

\( \large V_f = n \times F_n \)Hence the cutting time is the length divided by the linear speed:\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

Lathefeeds and speeds Chart

How to calculate the spindle speed of a lathe based on the turned diameter and cutting speedd – Turned Diametern – Spindle Speed.Vc – Cutting SpeedToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe turning inserts catalog or our experience tells us the cutting speed we need to use for a given application. On the other hand, the CNC lathe is limited by its maximum spindle speed. Therefore it is common that we need to compute the spindle speed out of a given cutting speed to ensure that the speed we want to run at is within the machine’s limit. It is calculated by dividing the cutting speed by the turned diameter circumference.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, it is larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large n= \huge \frac{V_c}{C} \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)

\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

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Surprisingly enough, the actual design on the coin’s front is not any one particular person. That’s right, Fraser used a combination of three Indian chiefs to create his unique design. Also, for his Indian head depiction, Fraser used living models, something virtually unheard of in an era when the classical profile from Greece or Rome was considered the highest ideal of art. Three different Indians, Iron Tail, Two Moons, and though often debated, Chief John Big Tree sat for this famous composite likeness. The finished portrait possesses great character and shows the rugged individuality of the American Indian.

LathecuttingspeedChart PDF

Cutting speed is the relative linear velocity between the tip of the turning insert and the workpiece. It is the product of the rotation speed of the workpiece (Spindle speed) and the circumference at the smallest diameter of the cut.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, and larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large Vc= n \times C \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{1000} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{12} \)

This page includes only elementary calculators. For more advanced calculators, there is a separate page for each. Go to the Machining Calculators Page for the complete list.Choose a Turning CalculatorCutting SpeedSpindle SpeedMetal RemovalMachining TimeSurface FinishPayment options Cutting Speed Calculator and FormulasHow to calculate the cutting speed in a turning operation based on the workpiece diameter and spindle speedd – Turned Diametern – Spindle SpeedVc – Cutting SpeedToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryCutting speed is the relative linear velocity between the tip of the turning insert and the workpiece. It is the product of the rotation speed of the workpiece (Spindle speed) and the circumference at the smallest diameter of the cut.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, and larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large Vc= n \times C \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{1000} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{12} \)Spindle Speed Calculator and FormulasHow to calculate the spindle speed of a lathe based on the turned diameter and cutting speedd – Turned Diametern – Spindle Speed.Vc – Cutting SpeedToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe turning inserts catalog or our experience tells us the cutting speed we need to use for a given application. On the other hand, the CNC lathe is limited by its maximum spindle speed. Therefore it is common that we need to compute the spindle speed out of a given cutting speed to ensure that the speed we want to run at is within the machine’s limit. It is calculated by dividing the cutting speed by the turned diameter circumference.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, it is larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large n= \huge \frac{V_c}{C} \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Metal Removal Rate Calculator and FormulasThe MRR Calculator determines the volume of material removed per minute by a turning operation at certain cutting conditions.Ap -Depth of cutFn – FeedrateVc – Cutting SpeedQ – MRRToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe Metal removal rate (MRR) is measured in cubic inches (Or cubic cm) per minute and indicates how much material is machined in one minute at a set of cutting conditions. In turning, it is the product of the Feedrate, depth of cut, and cutting speed. Learn more in our in-depth Metal Removal Page. MRR is used for two purposes:Comparing the productivity between two sets of cutting conditions.Estimating the required machine power consumption.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]ap -Depth of cut [mm]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]Q – Metal Removal Rate [cm3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]ap -Depth of cut [inch]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]Q – Metal Removal Rate [inch3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \times 12\)Machining Time Calculator and FormulasDetermine how long it takes to turn a given length at certain cutting conditions.Fn – FeedrateVc – Cutting Speedn – Spindle Speedl – LengthToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheorySince the feddrate for turning is expressed in distance per one full spindle rotation, the linear speed in the feed direction is the product of the feedrate and the spindle rotation speed:\( \large V_f = n \times F_n \)Hence the cutting time is the length divided by the linear speed:\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Surface Finish Calculator and FormulasDetermine the theoretical surface roughness that can be achieved per a given pair or insert corner radius and feedrate.Power Tip – Below is a simple calculator with basic explanations. For advanced surface finish calculators with detailed explanations, Go HereFn – Feedrater – Corner RadiusRa – Surface FinishToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe surface roughness of the turning operation depends on the feedrate and the insert corner radius. A lower feedrate improves the surface finish, as does a larger corner radius.Power Tip – The feedrate is squared in the formula and therefore has a more significant influence. When you need to improve the surface quality, start by reducing the feedrate\( \large R_a = K \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)\( \normalsize \text {(K is a constant that depends on the units used)} \)This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Related Glossary Terms:Cutting SpeedRPMCircumferenceCNC MachineMetal Removal Rate (MRR)Feedrate (Turning)Surface Finish

Power Tip – Below is a simple calculator with basic explanations. For advanced surface finish calculators with detailed explanations, Go HereFn – Feedrater – Corner RadiusRa – Surface FinishToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryThe surface roughness of the turning operation depends on the feedrate and the insert corner radius. A lower feedrate improves the surface finish, as does a larger corner radius.Power Tip – The feedrate is squared in the formula and therefore has a more significant influence. When you need to improve the surface quality, start by reducing the feedrate\( \large R_a = K \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)\( \normalsize \text {(K is a constant that depends on the units used)} \)This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)

Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)

\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large Vc= n \times C \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{1000} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{12} \)

The Metal removal rate (MRR) is measured in cubic inches (Or cubic cm) per minute and indicates how much material is machined in one minute at a set of cutting conditions. In turning, it is the product of the Feedrate, depth of cut, and cutting speed. Learn more in our in-depth Metal Removal Page. MRR is used for two purposes:Comparing the productivity between two sets of cutting conditions.Estimating the required machine power consumption.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]ap -Depth of cut [mm]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]Q – Metal Removal Rate [cm3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]ap -Depth of cut [inch]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]Q – Metal Removal Rate [inch3/min]\( \large Q = V_c \times F_n \times a_p \times 12\)

It’s interesting to learn they were each famous in their own way. Although there is some debate about the third Indian chief, Fraser noted Two Moons and Iron Tail by name and could not accurately recall the third chief. Despite the controversy, Chief John Big Tree profusely claimed that he was actually the third model.

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Due to his association with Wild Bill Cody and the Wild West Show, Iron Tail was one of the most famous Native American celebrities of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and a popular subject for professional photographers who circulated his image across the continents.

The buffalo nickel is technically known as the “Five-Cent Indian Head” coin. It’s also commonly referred to as the “Buffalo Nickel” or “Bison Nickel” due to the bison on the back and often the “Indian Nickel” based on the portrait of a classic American native on the front. But have you ever wondered whose portrait decorates the front of the coin?

How to calculate the cutting speed in a turning operation based on the workpiece diameter and spindle speedd – Turned Diametern – Spindle SpeedVc – Cutting SpeedToggle mm / InchOther CalculatorsPayment options Payment options TheoryCutting speed is the relative linear velocity between the tip of the turning insert and the workpiece. It is the product of the rotation speed of the workpiece (Spindle speed) and the circumference at the smallest diameter of the cut.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, and larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large Vc= n \times C \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{1000} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{12} \)

After his surrender, Two Moons chose to enlist as an Indian Scout for the same General to whom he had not long since surrendered. Because of Two Moons' pleasant personality, the friendliness that he showed towards the whites as well as his ability to get along with the military, he was appointed head Chief of the Cheyenne Northern Reservation.

The turning inserts catalog or our experience tells us the cutting speed we need to use for a given application. On the other hand, the CNC lathe is limited by its maximum spindle speed. Therefore it is common that we need to compute the spindle speed out of a given cutting speed to ensure that the speed we want to run at is within the machine’s limit. It is calculated by dividing the cutting speed by the turned diameter circumference.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, it is larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large n= \huge \frac{V_c}{C} \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)

TheoryThe turning inserts catalog or our experience tells us the cutting speed we need to use for a given application. On the other hand, the CNC lathe is limited by its maximum spindle speed. Therefore it is common that we need to compute the spindle speed out of a given cutting speed to ensure that the speed we want to run at is within the machine’s limit. It is calculated by dividing the cutting speed by the turned diameter circumference.Important Note: Pay attention that the diameter d is the smallest diameter in the operation. In external turning, it is smaller than the outer diameter, and in internal turning, it is larger than the inner diameter!\( \large d=OD{ }-{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (External turning)} \)\( \large d=ID{ }+{ }2 \times{ }a_p \text{ (Internal turning)} \)\( \large \text{Circumference = }C = 2 \times \pi \times r = \pi \times d \)\( \large n= \huge \frac{V_c}{C} \)Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large n = \huge \frac{1000 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)

Hence the cutting time is the length divided by the linear speed:\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

Black Diamond, a bison from the Central Park Zoological Garden in New York, was said to be the model for the reverse. Fraser placed the buffalo on a mound, giving the appearance of strength and majesty. Yes, it is a bison on the nickel, not a buffalo. Technically, buffaloes are not found in the United States but found mostly in India and Africa. The mistake began when the first American settlers happened upon the Bison - they did not know what they were. The only animals they could really relate to were the Asian Water Buffalo. They started calling them buffalo for lack of a correct name, and the name stuck.

The surface roughness of the turning operation depends on the feedrate and the insert corner radius. A lower feedrate improves the surface finish, as does a larger corner radius.Power Tip – The feedrate is squared in the formula and therefore has a more significant influence. When you need to improve the surface quality, start by reducing the feedrate\( \large R_a = K \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)\( \normalsize \text {(K is a constant that depends on the units used)} \)This formula provides the best theoretical surface finish at optimal conditions. The actual surface quality depends on additional factors such as stability and cutting edge wear.Formula in metric unitsFn – Feed rate [mm/rev]r – Corner Radius[ mm]Ra – Surface Finish [μ]\( \large R_a = 46 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feed rate [IPR]r – Corner Radius [Inch]Ra – Surface Finish [μ Inches]\( \large R_a = 31,675 \times \huge \frac {F_n^{2}}{r} \)

One of the most interesting versions of the Indian head nickel is the 1937-D. The story goes that a worker at the Denver Mint polished a Buffalo Nickel die to remove “clash marks” — the marks and scratches that occur when dies are stored in direct contact with each other. Unfortunately, this worker did his job a little too thoroughly and not only removed all the clash marks but one of the buffalo’s legs as well. Amazingly, this mistake was not caught until after thousands of these “three-legged nickels” had been minted and put into circulation.

Since the feddrate for turning is expressed in distance per one full spindle rotation, the linear speed in the feed direction is the product of the feedrate and the spindle rotation speed:\( \large V_f = n \times F_n \)Hence the cutting time is the length divided by the linear speed:\( \large T = \huge \frac{l}{V_f} = \frac{l}{F_n \times n}\)However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

Lathe surface speed calculatorexcel

However, in most cases, we know the cutting speed, not the spindle speed. If we substitute n with the spindle speed formula, we can calculate the machining time directly:\( \large n = \huge \frac{12 \times V_c}{\pi \times d} \)\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)\( \normalsize \text {(in mentric units the constant 12 shoud be repalced with 1,000)} \)Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

Important Note: If you use the formula based on cutting speed, you must ensure that the speed is not limited by the machine’s maximum RPM. If that is the case, use the formula based on the spindle speed!Formula in metric unitsFn – Feedrate [mm/rev]Vc – Cutting Speed [m /min]d – Turned Diameter [mm]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{1000 \times F_n \times V_c} \)Formula in Imperial unitsFn – Feedrate [IPR]Vc – Cutting Speed [SFM]d – Turned Diameter [Inch]T – Turning Machining Time [min]\( \large T = \huge \frac{l \times \pi \times d}{12 \times F_n \times V_c} \)

Chief John Big Tree was actually born Isaac Johnny John in Buffalo New York. Big Tree was a member of the Seneca Nation and an actor who appeared in 59 films between 1915 and 1950. One of his most famous films, She Wore a Yellow Ribbon (1949) also starred John Wayne.

Power Tip – Use our Speed and Feed Calculator to get the recommended cutting speed based on dozens of parameters!Formula in metric unitsd – [mm]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [m/min]\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{1000} \)Formula in Imperial unitsd – [Inch]n – [rpm] (Revolutions per minute)Vc – [SFM] (Surface feet per minute)\( \large V_c = \huge \frac{n \times \pi \times d}{12} \)