CPT code 10140 is for the drainage of a hematoma or fluid, a procedure to remove accumulated blood or fluid from a specific area.

CPT code 11101 is used for an additional biopsy of the skin, typically added to the primary procedure to indicate extra biopsies performed.

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10. Modifier 79 - Unrelated Procedure or Service by the Same Physician During the Postoperative Period - Used when an unrelated procedure is performed by the same physician during the postoperative period of the initial procedure.

CPT code 11470 is for the removal of a sweat gland lesion, a procedure often performed to treat conditions like hidradenitis suppurativa.

CPT code 11012 is for the debridement of skin and bone at a fracture site, ensuring proper healing and preventing infection.

8. Modifier 77 - Repeat Procedure by Another Physician - Used when the same procedure is repeated by a different physician on the same day.

CPT code 11010 is used for the debridement of skin at a fracture site, involving the removal of dead or damaged tissue to promote healing.

CPT code 11046 is for debridement of muscle and fascia, used as an add-on to the primary procedure for more extensive cleaning.

CPT code 10160 is for the puncture drainage of a lesion, a procedure to remove fluid or pus from a lesion using a needle.

So again, for these heavier milling operations, you will need to use a lower feedrate to allow your mill to stay cool, or simply reduce the depth of cut.

Before diving into numbers and values, you need to be aware that the following variables will heavily influence the quality of your cuts and the achievable chip load on the same machine.

5. Modifier 53 - Discontinued Procedure - Used when the procedure is discontinued due to extenuating circumstances or those that threaten the well-being of the patient.

Chip load, also called “feed per tooth”, is the thickness of material that is fed into each cutting edge as it moves through the work material.

CPT code 10081 is for the drainage of a pilonidal cyst, a procedure to remove fluid or pus from a cyst located near the tailbone.

CPT code 11201 is used for billing the removal of additional skin tags beyond the first 15, typically as an add-on to the primary procedure.

7. Modifier 76 - Repeat Procedure by Same Physician - Used when the same procedure is repeated by the same physician on the same day.

CPT code 11624 is for the excision of skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia for malignant lesions, including margins, measuring 3.1 to 4 cm.

Hence, getting your feeds & speeds right simply means finding the sweet spot where your tool is spinning at the perfect speed relative to its moving speed inside the material. That sweet spot can mean different things depending on your goal: achieving the best surface finish, machining your parts the fastest, or maximizing your tool life.

CPT code 10180 is used for billing complex wound drainage procedures, ensuring accurate reimbursement for healthcare providers.

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CPT code 11400 is for the excision of a benign lesion including margins, measuring 0.5 cm or less, on the trunk, arms, or legs.

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The parameter that links these concepts and that is widely used as a standard metric to determine optimal feeds & speeds is called chip load.

On the other side of the graphic, if you reduce the feed rate too much relative to spindle speed, the flutes of your end mill will start rubbing the material instead of cutting nice chips. This action will make your tool overheat, and thus soften. Its sharp edges will become dull and if you keep cutting with dull edges and you will start to see a very deteriorated surface finish on your material.

CPT code 11107 is for each additional or separate incisional biopsy of the skin, used for billing and documentation in healthcare.

CPT code 11005 is for the debridement of the abdominal wall, a procedure to remove dead or infected tissue to promote healing.

Based on this knowledge, we can now use tables that will allow us to calculate our feeds & speeds and achieve an optimal chip load for any given material.

CPT code 11040 is used for the medical procedure of debriding partial-thickness skin, which involves removing dead or damaged tissue.

CPT code 23420 is used for the surgical repair of a shoulder. This code specifically refers to procedures that involve the reconstruction or repair of the shoulder joint, which may include addressing issues such as torn ligaments, tendons, or other structural problems within the shoulder. This type of surgery is typically performed to restore function, alleviate pain, and improve the range of motion in the shoulder.

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When billing for CPT code 23420 (Repair of shoulder), it is essential to consider the appropriate use of modifiers to ensure accurate reimbursement and to reflect the specific circumstances of the procedure. Below is a list of potential modifiers that could be used with CPT code 23420, along with the reasons for their use:

CPT code 11471 is for the removal of a sweat gland lesion, a procedure often performed to treat conditions like hidradenitis suppurativa.

CPT code 11420 is for the excision of benign skin lesions on the head, face, neck, or scalp with margins of 0.5 cm or less.

Now let's imagine that your spindle can't run faster than 10 000rpm. We can still increase the feed rate by using a 3-flutes end mill and keep a constant chip load:

Similarly, we suggest you slowly increase the depth of your cuts while doing these tests. Indeed, excessive depth of cut will result in tool deflection (see this article to understand why that can be problematic).

If you're using end mills that you bought at Mekanika, you can access the pre-parametered feeds and speeds for Fusion360 here on the product pages.

CPT code 11626 is for the excision of a malignant skin lesion, including margins, on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, measuring over 4 cm.

1. Modifier 22 - Increased Procedural Services - Used when the work required to perform the procedure is substantially greater than typically required.

CPT code 11041 is used for the surgical removal of dead or damaged skin tissue, known as debridement, to promote healing.

CPT code 10060 is for the drainage of a skin abscess, a procedure to remove pus and relieve pressure from an infected area.

9. Modifier 78 - Unplanned Return to the Operating/Procedure Room by the Same Physician Following Initial Procedure for a Related Procedure During the Postoperative Period - Used when a related procedure is performed during the postoperative period of the initial procedure.

An important factor to consider while reading these tables is the tool diameter. A larger end mill will indeed be able to handle a larger chip load.

CPT code 11622 is for the excision of a malignant skin lesion, including margins, on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, measuring 1.1 to 2 cm.

CPT code 11426 is for the excision of a benign lesion on the head, face, neck, or scalp, with margins greater than 4 cm.

CPT code 11045 is used for billing additional debridement of subcutaneous tissue, typically as an add-on to a primary procedure.

The CPT code 23420 is reimbursed by Medicare, but it is essential to verify the specifics through the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (MPFS) and your regional Medicare Administrative Contractor (MAC). The MPFS provides detailed information on the reimbursement rates for various CPT codes, including 23420, while the MAC can offer localized guidance and any additional requirements or restrictions that may apply. Always ensure to check the latest updates from both the MPFS and your MAC to confirm the current reimbursement status and any pertinent billing guidelines.

CPT code 11463 is for the removal of a sweat gland lesion. It specifies the procedure for excising these types of skin lesions.

As stated earlier in the article, we recommend that you start by setting the actual feedrate of your machine below the value from the table and gradually increase it. In general, you will find that your optimal feeds & speeds will be determined from experience or trial-and-error. For instance, for most materials, you can typically set the spindle speed between 15000-25000rpm and adjust your feed rate to obtain nice results with your machine.

CPT code 11640 is for the excision of a malignant lesion on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, measuring less than 0.5 cm.

Always clamp your workpiece in the best possible way. A loose workpiece will vibrate while being cut and cause a bad surface finish. If you are not sure about your clamping, use wood screws to attach your workpiece in many points to the spoiler board. It is not the fanciest clamp in the world, but it is fast and efficient.

Depending on how deep you want your end mill to go inside the material, you will have to adapt your feed rate to spare it.

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CPT code 11646 is for the excision of malignant skin lesions on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, measuring over 4 cm, including margins.

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CPT code 11620 is for the excision of malignant skin lesions on the head, face, neck, or scalp with margins of 0.5 cm or less.

Feedrates are found using the formula given earlier in this document, but Fusion360 embeds a very handy chip load calculator which gives you the mill’s chip load for given feed and speed.

CPT code 11641 is for the excision of malignant skin lesions on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, with margins, measuring 0.6 to 1.0 cm.

CPT code 11451 is for the removal of a sweat gland lesion, a procedure often performed to treat conditions like hidradenitis suppurativa.

2. Modifier 50 - Bilateral Procedure - Used if the procedure is performed on both shoulders during the same operative session.

CPT code 11303 is for the shaving of a skin lesion larger than 2.0 cm. It helps in billing and documentation for healthcare services.

CPT code 10036 is used for the insertion of a percutaneous device into soft tissue, with the addition of imaging guidance.

Let’s define an arbitrary feedrate of 2 000 mm/min. Using the former equation, we find that the spindle has to rotate at 10 000 rpm to achieve the proper chip load:

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CPT code 11102 is for a tangential biopsy of a single skin lesion, used by healthcare providers for billing and documentation purposes.

4. Modifier 52 - Reduced Services - Used when the procedure is partially reduced or eliminated at the physician's discretion.

As illustrated above, there are mainly two bad spots that you want to avoid. The first one happens when you reduce your spindle speed too much relative to the feed rate. Doing so, you’re forcing the flutes of your end mill to cut off too much material, which can lead to unwanted vibration or worse, a broken tool.

CPT code 11644 is for the excision of malignant skin lesions on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, measuring 3.1 to 4 cm, including margins.

CPT code 11421 is for the excision of a benign lesion on the face, neck, or scalp, including margins, measuring 0.6 to 1.0 cm.

Based on this mathematical relation, we observe that if we want to increase the feed rate to cut that plywood faster, we will have to increase the spindle rotational speed as well to keep a constant chip load :

A general rule of thumb is to take passes that are around half the diameter of your mill. But remember, as mentioned above: some more complex or hard materials requires lower depth of cut (typical examples are aluminium and  plexiglas...).

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CPT code 11001 is used for billing the additional debridement of infected skin, typically as an add-on to the primary procedure.

CPT code 10080 is for the drainage of a pilonidal cyst, a procedure to remove fluid or pus from a cyst near the tailbone.

CPT code 11000 is used for the debridement of infected skin, which involves the removal of dead or damaged tissue to promote healing.

16. Modifier AS - Physician Assistant, Nurse Practitioner, or Clinical Nurse Specialist Services for Assistant at Surgery - Used when a physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist assists in the surgery.

6. Modifier 59 - Distinct Procedural Service - Used to indicate that a procedure or service was distinct or independent from other services performed on the same day.

This is a great starting point if you are a novice. When you are feeling more confident, slowly increase the chip load towards the “Advanced chip load table” values.

An end mill is a cutting tool and with time, it will eventually get dull. As it gets worn out, you will need to take it easier and reduce the feedrate to keep a good surface finish. You can also just replace it or resharpen it.

Understanding how feeds and speeds work is critical if you want to improve your CNC skills. It will help you to optimize your machining speeds, to obtain a better surface finish and most importantly to have a longer tool life. Here's an overvie of what this article goes through:

Let's illustrate this concept and imagine you want to cut plywood with a 6mm 2-flutes end mill. In our case, the recommended chip load for plywood is around 0,1mm/tooth (cf. the Advanced chip load table at the end of this article).

CPT code 11424 is for the excision of a benign lesion on the head, face, neck, or scalp, including margins, measuring 3.1 to 4 cm.

If you are not yet familiar with your machine, we compiled a starter chip load table with lower values. They are intentionally low to help you get confident with the machine no matter the type of engagement, the hardness of your material, etc...

15. Modifier 82 - Assistant Surgeon (when qualified resident surgeon not available) - Used when an assistant surgeon is required because a qualified resident surgeon is not available.

CPT code 11642 is for the excision of a malignant skin lesion on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, measuring 1.1 to 2.0 cm.

CPT code 11423 is for the excision of a benign lesion including margins on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, lips, or mucous membrane, measuring 2.1-3 cm.

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CPT code 11011 is for the debridement of skin and muscle at a fracture site, ensuring proper healing and preventing infection.

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CPT code 11621 is for the excision of a malignant skin lesion, including margins, on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, measuring 0.6 to 1 cm.

These concepts can be visually summarized on a graphic, where the feedrate is plotted against the spindle rotational speed, and which helps us to identify 6 different zones.

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CPT code 11721 is for the debridement of six or more nails, a common procedure in podiatry to remove damaged or infected nail tissue.

CPT code 11719 is used for trimming any number of nails, providing a standardized way to bill for this routine healthcare service.

CPT code 10040 is a medical code used to describe the procedure for acne surgery, which involves the removal of acne lesions.

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By applying the appropriate modifiers, healthcare providers can ensure that their claims accurately reflect the services provided, which can help in achieving proper reimbursement and compliance with payer requirements.

CPT code 11462 is for the removal of a sweat gland lesion, a procedure often performed to treat conditions like hidradenitis suppurativa.

The harder the piece, the more deflect your end mill will bear. This will cause chatter and vibrations. Be patient when milling hard material and use smaller steps or lower your feedrate.

CPT code 11643 is for the excision of malignant skin lesions on the face, ears, eyelids, nose, or lips, measuring 2.1 to 3 cm, including margins.

CPT code 11623 is for the excision of malignant skin lesions on the face, ears, or scalp, measuring 2.1 to 3 cm, including margins.

Tungsten steel belongs to solid carbide, also known as tungsten-titanium alloy. Hardness is 10K Vickers, second only to diamonds.

During some milling operations, more than ¼th of your tool’s circumference “touches” the material during the milling. As a result, the end mill can’t cool down properly and tends to overheat easily.