This represents the corner radius (nose radius) of an insert. It is standardized in intervals, for example after 0.4mm with intervals of 0.4mm, and after 4.0mm in intervals of 0.8mm.

The symbol that represents the tolerance class is determined by a combination of three tolerances; the nose height (m), inscribed circle (d) and thickness (s). To produce close tolerance inserts, grinding is necessary.

There are a number of different types of honing, for example "round" honing and "chamfer" honing. The type of honing employed is shown by the appropriate symbol. Cutting tool manufacturers amploy their own honing geometries (size and angle) according to insert grade and size. Generally the honing symbol is omitted from an identification code.

Reaching these levels of percent-stretch with bake-hardenable steel leads to a substantially stronger panel, approaching 350 MPa before the paint-bake cycle, which may add another 40 MPa. In-vehicle panel strength after forming and baking correlates with dent resistance, leading engineers to specify bake-hardenable grades on many Class A automotive panels.

ISO turninginsertnomenclature

For turning operations, mainly G-class (sometimes J-class) or M-class inserts are used. Inserts with tolerance classes other than G, J and M are mostly used on face milling cutters.

Forming forces exceeding a material’s yield strength create the plastic deformation necessary to produce an engineered stamping. As deformation continues throughout the press stroke, metal alloys strengthen from a process known as strain hardening (or work hardening), which reduces the tendency for localized thinning in highly deformed areas. This leads to the characteristic parabolic shape of a stress-strain curve between the yield and tensile strengths.

Carbide insertmaterial chart

Putting more strain into the panel results in another major benefit: Major strain, minor strain and thickness strain are related. In the areas of the panel experiencing a 3-percent by 2-percent stretch, the thickness is nearly 5 percent lower than the starting material. A 5-percent weight reduction and 60-percent strength increase using mild steel sounds like a great way to stretch your steel dollars! MF

For example, consider the task of creating a Class A panel that can withstand 260 MPa before permanent plastic deformation. One approach: Purchase a bake-hardening steel grade with 260-MPa minimum yield strength. However, this grade of steel has relatively low formability, which may limit design flexibility.

Another option: Use a bake-hardening steel grade with 210-MPa minimum yield strength, which will have added formability, allowing the use of tighter die radii and the ability to hold the panel tighter without splitting. These actions lead to more stretching, increasing the amount of work hardening.

Carbide insertcodes explained

For turning operations, mainly G-class (sometimes J-class) or M-class inserts are used. Inserts with tolerance classes other than G, J and M are mostly used on face milling cutters.

ISOinsertgrade chart

Work hardening is characterized by the n-value—related to the slope of stress-strain curve. More formable material grades have higher n-values, meaning that for the same amount of strain created by the part design, more formable grades strengthen to a greater extent.

This symbol represents the actual thickness of the insert. It works on the same principle as that of the inscribed circle.

Forming forces exceeding a material’s yield strength create the plastic deformation necessary to produce an engineered stamping. As deformation continues throughout the press stroke, metal alloys strengthen from a process known as strain hardening (or work hardening), which reduces the tendency for localized thinning in highly deformed areas. This leads to the characteristic parabolic shape of a stress-strain curve between the yield and tensile strengths. Work hardening is characterized by the n-value—related to the slope of stress-strain curve. More formable material grades have higher n-values, meaning that for the same amount of strain created by the part design, more formable grades strengthen to a greater extent. Exploiting this phenomenon, it may be possible to create a lighter-weight high-strength steel from mild steel.  While this may sound too good to be true, achieving this may require a change in forming methods from draw forming to stretch forming.  Estimating the yield strength of a formed panel requires knowledge of the forming strain and the as-received (flat sheet metal) mechanical properties determined from tensile testing. Several techniques measure forming strain, such as manual circle-grid strain analysis, camera-based noncontact analysis methods or even commercial simulation programs. These techniques may show individual strains in each direction. The formed panel yield strength (σf) can be estimated as:  where we determine n (work hardening exponent) and K (strength coefficient) from the true stress-true strain data at strains up to εu, the strain at uniform elongation. εeff is the effective strain, a way to combine the biaxial effects of ε1 (major strain) and ε2 (minor strain) into a single term.   Note: The equations shown here are for steel grades. Estimating the strength of aluminum alloys requires different equations, but the same general concept applies.   For more than 50 years, researchers have been defining terms and methodologies to best describe effective strain. The simplest way is to just define effective strain as the sum of the major and minor strains: Hill developed a more complex relationship, in 1948, using r̅ (or r-bar), the plastic anisotropy ratio. There have been refinements over the years, and this equation suffices here:   This equation provides the tools needed to choose between designing the forming process for higher-strength steel (likely also requiring a higher purchase price) or obtaining the needed strength by forming a panel made from lower-strength steel.

This is the symbol that represents the clearance angle of an insert. An insert with 0° clearance angle, which is shown by symbol N, is called a negative insert. An insert with a clearance angle other than 0° is called a positive insert. Many turning inserts have clearance angles shown by symbols P, C and N.

Cemented carbide, coated carbide, cermet, ceramic and other hard material inserts have the cutting edge honed so as to prevent fracturing in the machining.

Milling insertspecification

This symbol represents the actual thickness of the insert. It works on the same principle as that of the inscribed circle.

The insert geometry is represented using letters of the alphabet. A wide range of geometries are listed as standard for example; triangle, square, round, polygon and rhombus.

ISOinsertnomenclature pdf

For the inch coding method, the diameter of an inscribed circle is shown by a numerical symbol. For example, an inscribed circle of  3/8 inch (9.525mm) is represented by the symbol 3. An inscribed circle of 4/8 inch (12.70mm) is shown as 4.

This symbol represents the direction in which the insert can machine. If the insert can be used for both left and right (thus neutral) then the symbol is generally omitted.

Insert designationchart

where we determine n (work hardening exponent) and K (strength coefficient) from the true stress-true strain data at strains up to εu, the strain at uniform elongation. εeff is the effective strain, a way to combine the biaxial effects of ε1 (major strain) and ε2 (minor strain) into a single term.

There are a number of different types of honing, for example "round" honing and "chamfer" honing. The type of honing employed is shown by the appropriate symbol. Cutting tool manufacturers amploy their own honing geometries (size and angle) according to insert grade and size. Generally the honing symbol is omitted from an identification code.

Note: The equations shown here are for steel grades. Estimating the strength of aluminum alloys requires different equations, but the same general concept applies.

This equation provides the tools needed to choose between designing the forming process for higher-strength steel (likely also requiring a higher purchase price) or obtaining the needed strength by forming a panel made from lower-strength steel.

Cemented carbide, coated carbide, cermet, ceramic and other hard material inserts have the cutting edge honed so as to prevent fracturing in the machining.

The insert geometry is represented using letters of the alphabet. A wide range of geometries are listed as standard for example; triangle, square, round, polygon and rhombus.

However, for the metric coding, the diameter of an inscribed circle is represented by the cutting edge length using a two-digit number. Therefore, even if the inscribed circle is the same, the symbol for the cutting edge will vary.

The symbol that represents the tolerance class is determined by a combination of three tolerances; the nose height (m), inscribed circle (d) and thickness (s). To produce close tolerance inserts, grinding is necessary.

For the inch coding method, the diameter of an inscribed circle is shown by a numerical symbol. For example, an inscribed circle of  3/8 inch (9.525mm) is represented by the symbol 3. An inscribed circle of 4/8 inch (12.70mm) is shown as 4.

This is the symbol that represents the clearance angle of an insert. An insert with 0° clearance angle, which is shown by symbol N, is called a negative insert. An insert with a clearance angle other than 0° is called a positive insert. Many turning inserts have clearance angles shown by symbols P, C and N.

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This symbol represents the direction in which the insert can machine. If the insert can be used for both left and right (thus neutral) then the symbol is generally omitted.

Estimating the yield strength of a formed panel requires knowledge of the forming strain and the as-received (flat sheet metal) mechanical properties determined from tensile testing. Several techniques measure forming strain, such as manual circle-grid strain analysis, camera-based noncontact analysis methods or even commercial simulation programs. These techniques may show individual strains in each direction.

This represents the corner radius (nose radius) of an insert. It is standardized in intervals, for example after 0.4mm with intervals of 0.4mm, and after 4.0mm in intervals of 0.8mm.

Carbide insertidentification chart PDF

Chip breakers play an important role in chip control. Cutting tool manufacturers employ their own breaker geometries and as such the symbol is optional.

This symbol represents whether or not the insert has a chip breaker. It also refers to whether the insert has a hole or not. A negative insert can have one-sided or double-sided chip breaker.

Hill developed a more complex relationship, in 1948, using r̅ (or r-bar), the plastic anisotropy ratio. There have been refinements over the years, and this equation suffices here:

Chip breakers play an important role in chip control. Cutting tool manufacturers employ their own breaker geometries and as such the symbol is optional.

Take this a step further: Transitioning from draw beads to lock beads holds the panel even tighter, possibly allowing the use of mild steel while still achieving the same strength in the formed part. In the example highlighted in the table, stretching mild steel by just a few percentage points results in more than a 60-percent increase in yield strength as compared to the strength of the incoming flat sheet.

This symbol represents whether or not the insert has a chip breaker. It also refers to whether the insert has a hole or not. A negative insert can have one-sided or double-sided chip breaker.

For more than 50 years, researchers have been defining terms and methodologies to best describe effective strain. The simplest way is to just define effective strain as the sum of the major and minor strains:

However, for the metric coding, the diameter of an inscribed circle is represented by the cutting edge length using a two-digit number. Therefore, even if the inscribed circle is the same , the symbol for the cutting edge will vary.

Exploiting this phenomenon, it may be possible to create a lighter-weight high-strength steel from mild steel.  While this may sound too good to be true, achieving this may require a change in forming methods from draw forming to stretch forming.