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2024-09-07 18:08:43

There are nuances to training a person to effectively operate a Swiss-type lathe. A shop I visited a while back offers some suggestions.

ModuleWorks and Toolpath announce a technology partnership that intends to utilize intelligent cloud-based manufacturing solutions for machining estimation and CAM automation.

Steelmachinability chart

It is widely established that lead promotes machinability, but the relative contribution of lead compared to sulfur is little known. For example, grade 1117 is virtually identical to 1018 except for the manganese and sulfur. Yet the increase in production rate (as measured by inches of tool travel per minute) is 33 percent, attributable to the increased sulfur. Adding lead to 1018 to make 10L18 increases the production rate by 27 percent, while adding lead to 1117 results in a production rating of 65 percent greater than 1018. These differences in production rate show that there are two different mechanisms involved. The addition of sulfur controls the built up edge on the tool, so that the maximum temperature during the cut is in the built up edge rather than the tool, promoting longer tool life and both higher speeds and feeds. In addition, a close examination of the chips will show that they get thinner in resulfurized steels, demonstrating that the strain hardening by the tool is decreased. Strain hardening accounts for as much as 75 percent of the heat involved in cutting, according to some experts.

A statistical tolerance analysis is when you take the variation of a set of inputs to calculate the expected variation of an output of interest. In mechanical engineering, a product design is composed of multiple features, each with tolerance values that control the variable aspects of those features. Statistical tolerance analysis is used to understand how these tolerances contribute the various performance characteristics of the design.

Superb critical thinking, top-notch leadership skills and a passion for building a strong team are a few of the common traits held by this year’s five Production Machining Emerging Leader award winners.

Carbon has a leading role in the machinability of plain carbon steels, primarily by its effect on the bulk mechanical properties like hardness, tensile and yield strength and ductility.

In a Worst-Case Analysis, each dimension will have a minimum and maximum value that represents the range of acceptability for that dimension. Worst-Case answers the question, if I take the maximum range on each input, what is the maximum range for the measurement of interest or stackup? We are therefore dealing with the limits of acceptability and not probability.

Rotary transfer machines remain well-suited for high-volume production, but are now more accommodating to smaller batch sizes.

Grade 1008 (0.08 mean carbon), 1018 (0.18 mean carbon) and 1045 (0.45 mean carbon) are all carbon steels, yet they have significantly different properties. Grade 1008 has high ductility because of its low carbon content and is better for cold heading and forming than for machining. Grade 1018 is a common grade used for many general applications, including welding, and is often selected on the basis of its low cost. Grade 1045 is frequently selected for its higher strength and mechanical properties. While its carbon content makes it difficult to weld without special techniques, 1045 is common in shafting and other power transmission parts. (Read “Material Influences on the Weldability of Carbon Steel.”)

ModuleWorks and Toolpath announce a technology partnership that intends to utilize intelligent cloud-based manufacturing solutions for machining estimation and CAM automation.

Sulfur combines with manganese to form a solid but nonmetallic inclusion substance called manganese sulfide. Manganese sulfides act as discontinuities in the steel, providing nucleation sites for the chip to break. The 11XX series of steels has more sulfur and manganese than the 10XX grades. It is more machinable because of the manganese sulfides resulting from the increase in manganese and sulfur content. (The manganese is added to tie up the sulfur and prevent it from reacting with the iron in the steel, forming iron sulfides or pyrites that are brittle at steel rolling temperatures.)

Cold drawing is a multi-step process where the bars are first cleaned by abrasive shot blasting to remove the hard abrasive oxide scale, then cold reduced by pulling through a carbide die smaller than the bars’ starting diameter, resulting in a uniform amount of cold work being imparted to the bars. (It is called “cold drawing” because no heat is deliberately added in the process.) After drawing, the bars are straightened and cut to length by a saw or shear before packaging for shipment.

This new vertical turning center with measurement and robotic automation processes is able to produce vehicle ball joint ball pins in 7 seconds.

Under a microscope the structure that results from the increasing carbon can be seen. The carbon forms a darker, harder phase called pearlite, which is composed of the ferrite interspersed with layers of iron carbide, a very hard constituent. It is the increase in this pearlite phase, driven by the carbon content, that explains the increase in the steel’s mechanical properties, especially the hardness. Above 0.60 carbon in plain carbon steels, a thermal treatment called an anneal is used to modify the microstructure and reduce the steel’s hardness.

We have seen that the plain carbon steels reached an optimum machinability (about 35 percent of 1212 tool travel per minute production rating) and hardness in the range of 125 to 140 BHN. We have seen how the addition of sulfur (and manganese) can improve the machinability of steel. Figure 1 shows how cold work by cold drawing can improve the mechanical properties of the steel and by increasing strength, eliminates gumminess. In the 12XX series steels, all of these approaches combine to make a product that is optimized for machining:

Ecoclean’s Acoustic Performance Measurement (APM) system provides in-line measurement of ultrasonic frequency and power in fully automated immersion cleaning systems on a batch-by-batch basis or at defined time intervals, such as once a shift, day or week.

The choice in tolerance analysis method is based on many factors, but the can be summarized as “Which method best matches the manufacturing and inspection process of the assembly”. For simple fit problems, a 1D stack-up may be sufficient. RSS is sufficient for the small number of scenarios where the inputs are normal and the assembly relationships are linear. For all other scenarios, Second Order Tolerance Analysis is required to address the real world of manufacturing.

Production Machining’s June 2024 technology showcase includes some of the latest technology from Siemens, Ceratizit, Walter, Kennametal and more.

Production Machining’s September 2024 technology showcase includes some of the latest technology from Expand Machinery, Paperless Parts, Monaghan Tooling Group, Walter USA and more.

Now representing six brands in North America, Platinum Tooling offers tooling and related accessories for a range of machine tool types, including CNC mills, lathes and Swiss-types.

Freemachining steel

I recently learned about a 153-year-old manufacturer that has produced billions upon billions of precision, metal pins which started another business making one-off wooden baseball bats. (Like I asked it to do for me and you’ll see at this year’s Precision Machining Technology Show). Here I explain why it’s worth the time to read that article.

As he progressed to CNC Swiss lead and later to his current position as CNC Swiss production supervisor, Darrin Baker helped the Swiss department at Liberty Precision double its productivity, according to his nominator.

We are doing this because the ways PM’s audience finds and accesses our content is changing. Google’s search algorithms, increasingly, make it difficult to connect PM’s content with the people who might make use of it. On top of that, generative AI like ChatGPT is serving up PM content to internet users without attributing that content to PM.

Many North American machine shops are starting to get requests from their customers to certify their parts machined from steel to meet the requirements of the European Union’s End of Life Vehicles (ELV), Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) and the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directives. Each of these directives purports to ban lead, but each actually permits lead as an “alloying element” in steels up to 0.35 percent, according to the exemption statements and annexes. As long as the material certification shows 0.15 to 0.35 percent for lead, the steel parts are compliant with these directives.

High-speed spindle technology was key to effective milling of small cardiac monitoring components complete on a CNC sliding-headstock machine platform instead of running them across two mills.

ATI Inc. has joined the University of Strathclyde’s AFRC as a tier one member, aiming to develop metallic alloys that support sustainability in the aerospace sector.

In the 12T14 steel, the tin additive is thought to promote machinability by its segregation in the grain boundaries of the steel. This allows the grains to be separated with lower forces and less energy than similar but non-tin treated steels during machining. While speeds and feeds for 12T14 are not consistently equal to those of 12L14, many thousands of tons have been sold for applications specifying no lead and production rates higher than those routinely achieved with 1215.

Here are answers to frequently asked questions we as a provider of testing, consulting, information and compliance services receive about Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification.

Can increasing productivity and reducing carbon emissions go hand-in-hand? For its high-volume machining customers, Sandvik Coromant offers a tool for data collection and comparison to aid sustainability-minded process decisions.

Various methodologies paired with online tools can help small to mid-sized manufacturers determine how to predict and calculate the potential economic benefits of robotic equipment for their specific needs.

By equipping MassRobotics with its advanced cobots, ABB aims to facilitate the creation of new and impactful solutions that address real-world challenges across various industries.

The addition of lead to steel while it is still liquid results in the lead being deposited as pure metallic lead particle on the heads and tails of the manganese sulfides dispersed throughout the steel. Pure lead is both softer than steel and has a coefficient of friction comparable to that of graphite lube. Because of its role as an internal lubricant, lead allows the steel to be machined at higher speeds than its non-leaded counterpart.

This new vertical turning center with measurement and robotic automation processes is able to produce vehicle ball joint ball pins in 7 seconds.

These manganese sulfide inclusions are visible under the microscope, generally elongated, and distributed throughout the steel. An additional benefit provided by these sulfides is their role in the retention of built up edge on the tool, which is influenced by the anti-weld properties of manganese sulfide.

The fact that the system for naming steels is based on chemical make-up shows the importance of chemical factors on the properties, including machinability, of these steels. The incorporation of the mean carbon content as the last two digits of the grade designation shows the importance of carbon as the primary determinant of the steel grade’s properties.

PMTS 2023: The Mazak Syncrex series comes in four bar capacities, ranging from 20 to 38 mm, and is available in 7-, 8- and 9-axis configurations as well as a 9-axis model with full B-axis contouring.

These spindles available on Tschudin CNC centerless grinders are designed to minimize the heat transfer factor while optimizing dimensional stability and material removal rate.

Machine tools capable of performing multiple functions and machining parts to completion are becoming the standard rather than the exception. Incorporating automation into these systems allows for extended periods of operation without the need for operator intervention.

Zeiss Quality Innovation Days brings together quality and metrology experts from all over the world to take part in industry-specific sessions.

MicroCare offers alternatives and expertise for replacing 3M Novec vapor degreasing fluids which are being discontinued, including fluoropolymers, fluorinated fluids and PFAS-based additive products.

PMTS 2023: This tool management solution with Optik software is designed to help shops increase production output and decrease human error.

PMTS 2023: The InchMax Series includes 2- and 4-flute square end mills which feature Union Tools’ UT coating and its standard Super Micro Grain carbide and tolerances.

RSS (Root-Sum Squared) Statistical Analysis does not focus on the extreme values, but focuses on the distribution of the variation for each dimension. Each dimension will have a unique distribution of values based on the manufacturing process. Tool wear, operator differences, changes in material and environment all contribute to variation in the dimension value. Each dimension has its own distribution curve.

In this case, new controllers for two coordinate measuring machines — one 26 years old — with new programming software offers the possibility to enable multisensor inspection of critical, turned aerospace components.

The machinability of carbon steels is determined by a number of factors. Microstructure, cold work and content of carbon, sulfur, manganese, phosphorus, nitrogen and lead all play a role in improving machining productivity. As a general rule, higher sulfur contents promote higher feeds by reducing strain hardening of the chip and maintaining a consistent built up edge on the tool. The addition of lead permits higher speeds as its lubricating action reduces the friction and, thus, heat. Both mechanisms prolong tool life. For applications requiring no lead, 1215 or a proprietary tin-added 12XX series grade (12T14) may be appropriate. When the machinist wonders why there seems to be so much variation between different lots or grades of steel, the variation that could occur in any of the above discussed factors ought to give them a starting point for understanding.

The Production Machining media brand covers advanced new technology, practices and processes in the manufacture of precision machined parts in high volumes. About Us

Dillon Manufacturing’s extra-long hard jaws feature extended reach, making them well suited for machining small diameters.

Here are some tips for choosing, maintaining and customizing a granite solution that will best meet your shop’s particular inspection needs.

Production Machining’s September 2024 technology showcase includes some of the latest technology from Expand Machinery, Paperless Parts, Monaghan Tooling Group, Walter USA and more.

Assembly variation analysis provides insight required to identify the key part characteristics, (KPCs) that must be controlled in order to produce a product that meets the expectation of the customer. The product development process should then become focused on defining and validating part manufacturing and assembly processes that are capable of achieving high producibility levels. Goals of Cpk = 1.67 for key features and Cp = 1.33 for non-key features are commonly quoted. Utilizing the insight for variation analysis allows design engineers to allocate tolerance budgets strategically. Critical features will be held to tighter tolerances. Looser tolerance can be applied to less important features. These decisions not only ensure product quality and performance, but also ensure manufacturability at the right price. The impact on the product development process can be huge.

Features with a geometric tolerance are converted to ± tolerances by adding and subtracting the resultant and virtual conditions and dividing the sum and difference by two. Hole numbers 1 & 2 Draw the Loop Analysis Diagram

User-friendly inspection software for CNC machining centers was shown at IMTS 2024 monitoring measurements between and after machining while performing SPC based on recorded measurement values.

Most commonmachining steel

When you combine the probabilities for each dimension (each separate curve) you get the probability for the total and therefore the distribution curve of the total. Statistical analysis answers the question, given the distribution of variation on each dimension what is the probability that my performance characteristic will fall within defined acceptable limits. The limitation of RSS is that it assumes all inputs are normally distributed and all performance characteristics have a linear relationship with the dimension. These assumptions do not account for the breadth of conditions that exist in typical scenarios found in manufacturing.

This parts cleaning company is elevating its efforts to become a technical cleanliness expert, which presents an exciting, yet sometimes arduous, journey. The ongoing education of the team as well as significant investments in equipment and processes attribute to this shop’s success.

Recent testing has shown that thread rolling can be more economical than thread cutting when producing 4,000 parts or more. A newly created calculator can help you to determine which might be the better option for your threading applications.

At EMO 2023 in Hannover, Germany, FANUC presented an automated manufacturing cell simulating the complete production and measurement of aluminum electric vehicle (EV) inverter cases.

SolidCAM aims to align its product development and customer engagement strategies to address the evolving needs and challenges of the manufacturing industry.

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Machiningmaterials chart

Many companies utilize a statistical method for tolerance analysis. One approach involves a simple calculation using the RSS

Tolerance stack-up calculations represent the cumulative effect of part tolerance with respect to an assembly requirement. The idea of tolerances “stacking up” would refer to adding tolerances to find total part tolerance, then comparing that to the available gap or performance limits in order

Join this webinar and discover how to overcome multi-channel mill-turn and Swiss CAM programming challenges using SolidCAM, with amazing machine simulation and customized post-processors tailored for your mill-turn and Swiss CNCs. Darrin Bryant, SolidCAM’s applications engineer, will highlight how to utilize SolidCAM's CAM software to enhance your CNC manufacturing and demonstrate how to optimally set up your projects for guaranteed success. Agenda: Major benefits of SolidCAM's single window integration and full associativity in Solidworks Embracing the future of increasingly complex CNC machines—including five-axis, Multi-Channel Mill-Turn and Swiss CNCs Exclusive features of SolidCAM's iMachining that provides much shorter cycle times and superior tool life Using iMachining Technology Wizard takes the guesswork out of defining cutting conditions and automatically provides optimal feeds and speeds while considering stock materials, cutting tools and CNC machine properties Using SolidCAM’s Toolkit to easily create customized precision project setups Highlighting the advantages of multiple verification options in SolidCAM Utilizing SolidCAM’s operations sequence manager to simplify synchronized part creation with fewer steps and higher success

Tolerance Stack-Ups are vital to address mechanical fit and mechanical performance requirements. Mechanical fit is simply answering the question, “Do the parts that make up the assembly always go together?” Mechanical performance requirements would include the performance of mechanisms, like switches, latches, actuators, and the like. Other performance requirements could include optical alignments or motor efficiency. So what is a “stack-up”?

Mike Medeiros, production manager at North Easton Machine Co., has been advocating CNC Swiss lathes for years, attempting to persuade his local high school’s administration to add the technology to the school’s machining program. Finally, his efforts paid off.

As a result, it has become increasingly important for PM evolve its audience development strategy and learn as much as possible about who is accessing our content, what content they are accessing and how they are accessing it.

A multispindle platform designed to combine the high production speed of a cam-driven machine with the precision and repeatability of CNC also includes technology to speed set ups for new jobs.

Beststeelformachiningand welding

Each year Products Finishing partners with thousands of finishing operations in the U.S. to celebrate National Surface Finishing Day (NSFD) on the first Wednesday in March. NSFD is designed to celebrate and showcase the industry to trade schools, businesses, officials and media, as well as to celebrate employees and staff. The overarching goal of NSFD is to bring further awareness to the important roles plating and coating facilities play in their communities. Facilities are encouraged to host events and work with local media to build awareness about the contributions made by the surface finishing industry. For a helpful guide to reaching out to media outlets, download the NSFD toolkit here. How can you celebrate? Share your company’s story Hold an open house where the public can check out your facility –— either in person or virtual Offer student shop tours to local trade schools Invite local elected officials to visit and get to know your staff Celebrate your employees Share news about what you’re doing on social media and use the hashtag #NationalSurfaceFinishingDay or #NSFD

Individual elements of the machining process such as machine tools, tooling and even CAD/CAM software play a role in overall machine shop sustainability. Observing the entire process especially when it comes to their influences on energy usage is key.

Participants who pass the program quizzes earn a certificate of successful completion, as well as 4 hours of continuing education credit from Sam Houston State University.

We thank you for your continued interest in and support of PM and welcome any questions you might have about the brand’s new content gating strategy.

Marubeni Citizen-Cincom’s tooling and accessory workshop at IMTS 2024 offered a chance to learn more about ancillary devices that can boost machining efficiency and capability.

Verisurf will offer complete metrology solutions that combine its model-based inspection and measurement software, training and live technical support with Hexagon CMMs.

In the hot-rolled, as-rolled condition, the plain carbon steels typically have the mechanical properties shown in the HR entry for the three grades shown in Figure 1. Most bars for machining are cold drawn, which increases tensile and yield strength and hardness and reduces ductility as measured by percent elongation and percent area reduction. The cold-drawn properties are shown in the line labeled CD for each of the three grades. The percent change line shows the percent effect of the cold work on the steel’s mechanical properties.

These spindles available on Tschudin CNC centerless grinders are designed to minimize the heat transfer factor while optimizing dimensional stability and material removal rate.

Vericut Intelligence and Vericut Assistant aim to simplify the way users can interact with and gain knowledge from Vericut’s software products.

Machining steelgrades

Degreasers are the best option for cleaning parts machined with oil. Vacuum degreasers are recommended for cleaning complex parts.

The SLV901 and SLV803 solvents are formulated to maintain cleaning efficacy while providing a safe, environmentally friendly alternative to processes that use PFAS and HFCs.

Plain carbon steels “peak” at 0.18 to 0.22 percent carbon before the machinability starts to decrease because of the higher hardiness resulting from higher carbon contents. A steel of optimum machinability—one both soft enough to easily form a chip, yet brittle enough to allow that chip to break and separate—results in longer tool life and a superior surface finish. The 11XX steels, called resulfurized steels, employ additions of sulfur and manganese to try to create this soft, yet brittle workpiece material.

Steel machining propertieschart

Production Machining’s September 2024 technology showcase includes some of the latest technology from Expand Machinery, Paperless Parts, Monaghan Tooling Group, Walter USA and more.

Sandvik Coromant’s CoroCut 2 with -RF geometry is designed for secure and high-precision profiling, eliminating the trade-off between chip control and optimized surface finish.

Production Machining’s October 2024 technology showcase includes some of the latest technology from Ceratizit, Kennametal, Mate Precision Techologies, Horn and Mazak.

Precision Machined Products Association's mission is to progressively lead members to sustainable success with reliable and relevant information, resources, advocacy, and networking opportunities. More information for the conference to come.

Failures of steel parts in service or production occur infrequently. However, when steel parts fail, the consequences are dire. Here are seven ways that steel can fail as a result of quench cracking from heat treatment.

Improving surface finish can be done by making adjustments to one or more of these points: operational parameters, wheel dressing, grit size, coolant delivery and machine condition.

Best mildsteelformachining

This 2023 Emerging Leader developed a product in response to a call for help from Yamaha that was a huge hit in the snowmobile industry when it hit the market in 2010. In fact, it is now a common product that most snowmobile OEMs have implemented.

Steels are iron-based metals to which other chemical elements have been added. The addition of these elements can create new constituents in the metal, affecting its mechanical properties (hardness, tensile and yield strength, ductility) and machinability. Steels are considered to be carbon steel when no minimum content is specified for chemical elements including aluminum, chromium, cobalt, columbium, molybdenum, nickel, titanium, tungsten or vanadium for alloying effect; when the specified minimum for copper is 0.40 or less; and when the limits for the following elements are not exceeded: manganese—1.65 percent; silicon—0.60 percent; and copper—0.60 percent.

Because manufacturing methods vary for different types of parts, the distribution moments or parameters change as well. RSS only uses standard deviation and does not include the higher moments of skewness and kurtosis that better characterize the effects tool wear, form aging and other typical manufacturing scenarios. Second Order Tolerance Analysis incorporates all distribution moments: Second Order Tolerance Analysis is also needed to determine what your output is going to be when the assembly function is not linear. In typical mechanical engineering scenarios kinematic adjustments and other assembly behaviors result in non-linear assembly functions. Second order calculations are much more complex so hand calculations are not advisable but the computation accuracy is greatly improved and becomes viable within a tolerance analysis software package.

Verisurf’s Machine Tool Probing (MTP) suite is an in-process automated inspection solution for CNC machine tools, offering inspection and reporting capabilities.

Method, Root-Sum-Squared. Instead of summing tolerances, as in worst-case analysis, statistical analysis sums dimension distributions. It is important to understand that the inputs values for a worst-case analysis are design tolerances, but the inputs for a statistical analysis are process distribution moments (e.g., standard deviation). Worst-case analysis (also called tolerance stack-up analysis) can be used to validate a design. Statistical analysis (also called variation analysis) can be used to predict the actual variation of an assembly based on the variation of the part dimensions. Comparing the assembly standard deviation to the assembly limits allow for the calculation of quality metrics like sigma, % yield, DPMU, etc. This approach requires distributions to be normal with all parts at the same quality level, i.e. +/- 3σ.

Over the past year, Mike Gresen has led his team through the process of opening a new Benchmark Electronics location without interrupting supply to customers and within the company budget, shutting down production for only three business days.

Given the limitations of RSS, other methods for calculating assembly variation have been developed. One such method that is incorporated into CETOL 6 Sigma is called the Method of System Moments. This method eliminates the limitations stated above. Analyses of all complexities, i.e. 1D, 2D, and 3D, can be created with no restriction on distribution type or quality level. Companies can now do full Assembly Variation Analysis with tolerance analysis software.

Identifying and preventing these manufacturing sins will reduce or eliminate unnecessary waste, improve efficiency and productivity as well as protect profitability and cash flow.

Founded in 2001, PMTS reconvenes in April 2025 to celebrate its 13th biennial event for precision machining pros. Mark your calendar now and plan to join the precision machined parts community when we once again gather in person to share challenges and insights, see new technology solutions and learn about process innovations – everything you need to take back and immediately put to use in your own shop. __PRESENT

To get the maximum production from automatic machines, additions of lead, bismuth, selenium and tellurium have been commonly used. Consolidation in the global steel industry has made lead and bismuth the most widely available choices today. However, another “unleaded” steel, called 12T14, is available from Laurel Steel (Ontario, Canada). This steel uses tin as an addition to promote machinability.

The simplest form of tolerance analysis is the single direction, 1D Tolerance Stackup. A 1D Tolerance Stackup is created by creating a cross section of a model and adding the tolerance values for each feature in a straight line.The variation in each contributes to the overall output/outcome.

Learn the factors that contribute to carbon steels and their machinability as well as the 1214 steels, 1215 steels and 1018 steels, other grades, and more.

The expanded partnership now includes advanced production metrology systems, covering contour, roughness and form instruments, as well as advanced optical metrology systems.

A multispindle platform designed to combine the high production speed of a cam-driven machine with the precision and repeatability of CNC also includes technology to speed set ups for new jobs.

Both the hardness and machinability of plain carbon steel grades increase for these grades up to a point, after which machinability declines as the hardness continues to increase.

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The Precision Machining Technology Show is a great example of discovering ways shopfloor employees can become more efficient, thereby helping shops become more profitable.

Production Machining’s October 2024 technology showcase includes some of the latest technology from Ceratizit, Kennametal, Mate Precision Techologies, Horn and Mazak.

New part programming developments continue to be added to the Tri-County Technical College curriculum and solutions for Swiss-type lathes might soon be included.

Lead, on the other hand, acts as an internal lubricant, reducing friction, resulting in a much less significant improvement in machining production. As other technological means have been developed to remove the heat during machining (high-pressure and high-velocity coolants, for example) the importance of lead is not as critical as it once was.

If the grade designation of a steel begins with a “1,” chances are that it is a carbon steel. The 10XX series steels (where the XX or last two digits represent the average or mean carbon content of the grade) are plain carbon grades. The 11XX steels are resulfurized grades and are free machining steels. The 12XX steels, resulfurized and rephosphorized, are the “best” machining grades. The 15XX series steels contain high manganese of more than 1.00 percent; the 13XX series have even higher manganese content and are the only exception to the “1 as a first digit means carbon steel” rule. The 13XX steels (manganese more than 1.60 percent) are considered alloys.

Add the negative vectors, the arrows pointing to the left, and positive vectors, the arrows pointing to the right, find the difference between the sums of the positive and negative vectors, and subtract the sum of the ± tolerances.

Starting on Thursday August 8, 2024, PM will begin “gating” its premium content, asking all new website users to provide some information about themselves — name, title, employer, email address — before they are provided free access to the content.

Product manufacturers utilize an organized flow of information to translate customer requirements into product requirements.

This process for mechanical requirements is generalized in the flow diagram below. to see if the design will work properly. This simple comparison is also referred to as worst case analysis. Worst case analysis is appropriate for certain requirements where failure would represent catastrophe for a company. It is also useful and appropriate for problems that involve a low number of parts. Low being defined as three or four parts. Worst case analysis is most often done in a single direction, i.e. a 1D analysis. If the analysis involves part dimensions that are not parallel to the assembly measurement being studied, the stack-up approach must be modified since 2D variation such as angles, or any variation that is not parallel with the 1D direction, does not affect the assembly measurement with a 1-to-1 ratio.

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