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Stainless steel is widely used because of its corrosion resistance. There are many grades of stainless steel, and their formability, strength and workability are different. Grade 304 stainless steel, also known as A2 stainless steel, contains 18% to 20% chromium and 8% to 10% nickel.

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To process 304 steel or 316 steel, you do not want the machine to be subjected to excessive vibration, and you need to use large machines. Small lathes and milling machines cannot cut these grades of stainless steel. For any type of stainless steel, carbide tools or high-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used. When working at lower cutting speeds, high-speed steel tools are a better choice.

The 108 college and university teams that participated were from throughout the United States and Puerto Rico as well as Brazil, Canada, Mexico and Poland.  Hope’s finish was its second highest in its six appearances at the speedway event since 2010.

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Hope was among only 87 teams to pass the initial technical inspection and qualify for the five dynamic events that followed (acceleration, skid-pad, autocross, endurance and efficiency).  With some of the remaining teams’ cars experiencing mechanical issues at different points, only 45 participated in all five events, and Hope was among only 39 to complete the culminating endurance competition without the vehicle breaking down.  Hope took fifth place in endurance and eighth place in autocross (where the car is driven through a cone course for one timed lap).

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The traditional freshman-sophomore contest was held in a new location — the college’s Buys Athletic Fields for the 127-year event.

In addition, Hope finished 11th in the international Formula SAE Lincoln 2018 competition in Nebraska out of 80 teams.  Also in 2018, Hope finished first out of 10 Great Lakes FSAE teams at the 2018 Lawrence Tech Grand Prix, and had the 49th fastest time out of 1,375 entries in the SCCA Solo Nationals autocross held in Lincoln, Nebraska.  The team has also competed dozens of times in regional and local events, winning or placing high in all of them.

Aug 15, 2011 — Once the task has been mastered, driving nails into cement and most any other masonry material can be accomplished without a problem.

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Austenitic stainless steels are generally considered difficult to machine. 400 series stainless steels are easier to machine than 300 series stainless steels. This includes 304 and 316 grades. The machinability of 304 and 316 grade stainless steel is indeed different. Type 303 stainless steel may be the easiest 300 series to be processed. It is easier to process than 304. This makes grade 303 steel the first choice for accessories, gears and fasteners with strict tolerances. Its relative weakness means that it is not used as often as 304 grade stainless steel.

Jan 20, 2023 — A tree burl is a large woody, rounded swelling found near the base and trunk of some trees. Burls can grow on any species of tree.

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Flourishing programs in 90+ disciplines. A vibrant Christian mission. $50 million in new campus construction. Championship athletics. 94% placement within 6 months of graduation. There’s never been a better time to consider Hope College.

In the ideal process for machining 304 and 316 stainless steels, there are several ways to make all 300 series stainless steels easier to machine. Heat treatment can be performed to make the metal easier to process, for example, normalizing heats the steel to a temperature higher than the annealing temperature. Keeping it long enough to produce smaller austenite grains improves the machinability of the steel. These types of steel have low thermal conductivity. Be careful not to overheat the surface, which can also cause distortion that is difficult to repair. Use oil lubrication to reduce tool wear and cool objects. You can use mineral oil or water-soluble emulsified oil, and use cemented carbide tools to work at high speed.

As a member of the MIAA and NCAA Division III associations, Hope College sponsors 22 varsity sports for men and women. The college is home to the 2022 NCAA Division III National Championship women’s basketball team.

The Hope College campus is a place to come alive. We have hundreds of student organizations, groups and events you can plug into, serve with, play in, root for and grow with.

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Hope competed with more than 100 teams from around the world at MIS during its debut appearance in 2010, and returned to MIS in 2016, 2019, 2021 and 2022. Hope placed 76th out of 102 teams in 2010, winning the William C. Mitchell Rookie Award in 2010 for having achieved the highest overall score among first-time teams. Hope finished 77th out of 115 teams in 2016; 30th out of 109 teams in 2019; 9th out of 45 teams in 2021; and 14th out of 90 teams in 2022.  The team was prepared to compete in 2020, but the competition was canceled.

The Formula SAE competition is not just a race.  Instead, the teams are evaluated in a series of static and dynamic events, including presentation, design, cost analysis, acceleration, cornering ability, maneuverability and handling, fuel economy and endurance.

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Stainless steel grades have a series of allowable other metal contents to maximize machinability. In addition to the difference in machinability between various types of stainless steel, this makes 316 grade steel easier to process than 316B. The machinability grade of 316 steel is 60, while the machinability grade of 316B is 50, and the machinability grade of 304 and 304L grades is the same, both are 70. In contrast, Alloy 303 is the easiest stainless steel to process. It has a machinability level of 150 and a baseline machinability level of 100.

“The car performed flawlessly with no issues anywhere,” said Carl Heideman, who is director of process and innovation at Hope the staff adviser of the Hope College Formula Racing student organization.

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The international Formula SAE organization provides a variety of design parameters within which the participants must work, but beyond that the teams make their own decisions.  Some of the parts are pre-fabricated, like the 600cc Honda motorcycle engine that provides the power.  Others — like the frame — are developed by the group, starting with initial concept, and then moving through design and theoretical testing using the computer and ultimately to fabrication and construction.

Research abounds at Hope. Our students and faculty carry out high-quality research projects that are challenging, meaningful and contribute to exciting new knowledge in a broad range of disciplines.

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All 300 series stainless steels have a certain degree of work hardening, and 316 grades are easier to harden, and more effort is needed to prevent this from happening. One solution is to use sharp tools and change tools when they start to wear out, and work at a slower speed and higher feed compared to Machining 304. To process 304 stainless steel, it should be processed at a slower speed. When processing complex grade 304 steel, use deep cutting at a high feed rate to minimize work hardening.

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Hope also received the “Everybody In” Award, presented by General Motors in recognition of team culture and preparedness for a more sustainable future, and was in the top 10 in two of the five driving events.

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“This event is a big deal for R1s, tech universities, the auto industry and Elon Musk's companies (mainly Tesla, SpaceX, and The Boring Company),” he said.  “About 150 teams in the U.S. and 600 in the world compete. We are one of two liberal arts colleges that regularly compete (York College of Pennsylvania is the other). We’ve been in the top 15% in the U.S. and world since 2018. We are approaching the top 10% in both categories with this result.”

The concept behind Formula SAE is that a fictional manufacturing company has contracted a design team to develop a small Formula-style race car.  The prototype car is to be evaluated for its potential as a production item.  Each student team designs, builds and tests a prototype based on a series of rules whose purpose is to provide standards while promoting clever problem solving.

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Hope College Formula Racing earned 11th place overall out of the 108 teams that participated in the Formula SAE competition held at Michigan International Speedway on Wednesday-Saturday, May 8-11.

304 is easier to process than 316 stainless steel. Grade 304 steel is not only easier to process, but also easier to clean, which is one of the reasons why it has so many different finishes, and this is why it is used for surfaces that are visible to the public. Type 316 stainless steel is not only difficult to machine, but also requires special tools for cutting. It performs well in pitting corrosion resistance, but it is not so easy to form, which explains why it is reserved for applications that other types of stainless steel cannot handle.

Grade 316 stainless steel or A4 stainless steel contains approximately 16% chromium, 10% nickel, and 2% to 3% molybdenum. This means that one of the biggest differences between 304 and 316 stainless steel is the presence of molybdenum in 316, and no molybdenum is added to 304.

This element is added to help it resist corrosion by chlorides. Grade 316 steel also contains trace amounts of silicon, carbon and manganese. The presence of molybdenum makes 316 stainless steel known as marine grade stainless steel. Type 316 stainless steel is more resistant to chemical corrosion. For example, it will resist fatty acids and sulfuric acid at high temperatures. Grade 316 stainless steel can withstand temperatures up to 1600 degrees Fahrenheit. Compared with 316, grade 304 stainless steel is less heat-resistant.

“It is Finished” By Rev. Shomari Tate Chaplain of Discipleship at Hope College Sunday, May 5, 2024 Ray and Sue Smith Stadium Holland, Michigan

Grounded in a general liberal arts education, Hope College offers specialized study in more than 90 majors, minors and pre-professional programs.

Adding sulfur or selenium will also improve the workability of stainless steel, which is also easier to corrode and interfere with welding. The sulfur content of stainless steel alloy 303 is much lower than that of stainless steel 304, and the allowable carbon content of weldable stainless steel is lower. For example, 304 stainless steel contains up to 0.08% carbon, while 304L or weldable 304 stainless steel contains up to 0.03% carbon, which does not really affect its workability.

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