It is cast in the shape of an H and installed on top of the lathe. It supports the cross-slide, the compound rest, and the tool post. Manual or automatic feeding is employed to move the saddle.

By default the TAP output goes to console.log(). You can pipe the output to someplace else if you htest.createStream().pipe() to a destination stream on the first tick.

The left-hand thread is obtained when the tool is moved from the right to the left and vice versa. Thus, the lead screw is responsible for the motion of the carriage. It also allows adjusting the depth of the cut.

Andrei Nartov, a Russian engineer, created one of the earliest lathes in 1718. It featured a carriage for holding mechanical cutting tools and a system of gears.

Chucks are specialised clamps made to hold objects having radial symmetry such as cylinders. They typically have jaws to secure the workpiece. The jaws (or dogs) are organised in a star-like configuration with radial symmetry.

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Replaces obj[method] with the supplied implementation. obj must be a non-primitive, method must be a valid property key (string or symbol), and implementation, if provided, must be a function.

Lathe is a machine tool commonly used in all industrial applications. Now, a machine tool is power-driven and designed to move a sharp cutting tool against a rigidly held workpiece material or vice versa to remove material from the workpiece.

The bed of the lathe machine serves as the foundation upon which all other components are installed. The bed is supported by large box-section columns and is made of cast iron or a nickel cast iron alloy. The bed itself is mounted on the legs which are bolted to the ground.

Please note that all modules loaded using the -r flag will run before any tests, regardless of when they are specified. For example, tape -r a b -r c will actually load a and c before loading b, since they are flagged as required modules.

A machining process that produces a cut-off portion from the workpiece at the end of the machining cycle is called parting. While the workpiece rotates, a tool with a certain shape penetrates the workpiece in a direction that is perpendicular to the rotating axis. ‘Parting-off tool’ is used for this process.

A leadscrew is used as a linkage in a machine to convert turning motion into linear motion. It is also referred to as a power screw or translation screw. The lead screw in a lathe machine is used to move the carriage along with the revolution of the spindle. Using various gears between the lead screw drive and spindle, threads can be created.

Though the machine is old, the concept is still fresh for you to crack the GATE ME exam. It is also essential to crack the AE/JE Mechanical exams. As we remembered the old memory of the lathe, you also do that same using the SSC JE ME test series along with the GATE ME test series.

In the 1950s, servomechanisms were applied to the numerical control of lathes and other machine tools, which were frequently linked with computers to produce computerised numerical control (CNC). Both manually driven and computer numerical control, or CNC, lathes are used in the industry today.

The -r flag behaves exactly like node's require, and uses the same module resolution algorithm. This means that if you need to load local modules, you have to prepend their path with ./ or ../ accordingly.

Similar to t.capture()``, but can be used to track get/set operations for any arbitrary property. Calling the returned results()` function will return an array of call result objects. The array of calls will be reset whenever the function is called. Call result objects will match one of these forms:

Tapingvideo

If you forget to t.plan() out how many assertions you are going to run and you don't call t.end() explicitly, or return a Promise that eventually settles, your test will hang.

The replacement will automatically be restored on test teardown. You can restore it manually, if desired, by calling .restore() on the returned results function.

Like test([name], [opts], cb) except if you use .only this is the only test case that will run for the entire process, all other test cases using tape will be ignored.

Alternatively, the environment variable NODE_TAPE_NO_ONLY_TEST can be set to true to achieve the same behavior; the command-line flag takes precedence.

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You always need to require('tape') in test files. You can run the tests by usual node means (require('test-file.js') or node test-file.js). You can also run tests using the tape binary to utilize globbing, on Windows for example:

Print a message without breaking the tap output. (Useful when using e.g. tap-colorize where output is buffered & console.log will print in incorrect order vis-a-vis tap output.)

Now, we have understood the lathe machine operations. Let us feed our curious minds with the types of machines available.

The operation of creating a helical groove on a conical or cylindrical surface of the workpiece by feeding the tool longitudinally is called threading or thread cutting operation. The desired thread type is obtained by longitudinally moving the tool.

Stack Blast Ball is a 3d arcade game where players smash, bump and bounce through revolving helix platforms to reach the end.

Wraps the supplied function. The returned wrapper has a .calls property, which is an array that will be populated with call result objects, described under t.capture().

A gap is formed above the bed, in this lathe, near the headstock to accommodate jobs with flanges or other projecting elements.

The machine is used to accomplish all fundamental operations, including drilling, sawing, tapping, and turning, among others, with the aid of various tools located in the work area. Hence, the lathe is also referred to as the “Mother of all machines.”

desc must be a valid property descriptor, meaning that get/set are mutually exclusive with writable/value. Additionally, explicitly setting configurable to false is not permitted, so that the property can be restored.

The working principle involves rotating a workpiece against a fixed cutting tool. As seen in the figure above, the chuck (live centre) and the tailstock (dead centre) hold the workpiece to be machined. The tool is moved horizontally or vertically along the surface of the workpiece to create circumferential (cylindrical) or deep cuts respectively.

Additionally, it is possible to make tape load one or more modules before running any tests, by using the -r or --require flag. Here's an example that loads babel-register before running any tests, to allow for JIT compilation:

An essential rotating part of a headstock is the spindle. It contains a shaft that transfers rotary motion to the chuck, thereby turning the workpiece. It is supported by two sets of angular contact ball bearings to help handle both radial and axial loads.

Declare that n assertions should be run. t.end() will be called automatically after the nth assertion. If there are any more assertions after the nth, or after t.end() is called, they will generate errors.

The turret lathe has a hexagonal turret instead of a tailstock. This turret houses six tools for various lathe machine operations.

tape's arguments are passed to the glob module. If you want glob to perform the expansion on a system where the shell performs such expansion, quote the arguments as necessary:

It is a compact lathe machine that is put on a workbench and consists of all the components of a speed lathe and an engine lathe.

With vertical turret lathes, the workpiece is held vertically, allowing the faceplate to function as a horizontal rotating table.

The compound rest joins the cross slide with the compound slide using a tongue-and-groove joint. It supports the cutting tool and tool post during the drilling of short tapers and shapes on forming tools.

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The process of reducing the overall length of the workpiece and producing a flat surface as a result is called facing operation. We can use a normal turning tool for this operation as shown in the animation below.

As the advancements in technology made so many improvements to these ancient machines, the disadvantages of these machines became evident. Some of them are discussed below.

The process of knurling involves embossing a pattern, usually diamond-shaped, on the surface of the workpiece mounted on the lathe machine as shown in the image below. The knurling process is usually done to provide the workpiece with a good gripping surface.

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Assert that actual and expected have the same structure and nested values using node's deepEqual() algorithm with strict comparisons (===) on leaf nodes and an optional description of the assertion msg.

The boring operation on lathe machine involves enlarging a hole previously drilled, sometimes to create circular interior grooves. Holes can be drilled straight (Counter-boring) or tapered (Taper-boring). In this process also, the boring tool is attached to the tailstock.

If cb returns a Promise, it will be implicitly awaited. If that promise rejects, the test will be failed; if it fulfills, the test will end. Explicitly calling t.end() while also returning a Promise that fulfills is an error.

If strictMode is true, and writable is false, and no get or set is provided, an exception will be thrown when obj[property] is assigned to. If strictMode is false in this scenario, nothing will be set, but the attempt will still be logged.

This next test will fail, because all property values in the actual error object are not deeply strictly equal to the property values in the validation object.

Please note that the second parameter, expected, cannot be of type string. If a value of type string is provided for expected, then t.throws(fn, expected, msg) will execute, but the value of expected will be set to undefined, and the specified string will be set as the value for the msg parameter (regardless of what actually passed as the third parameter). This can cause unexpected results, so please be mindful.

By default, uncaught exceptions in your tests will not be intercepted, and will cause tape to crash. If you find this behavior undesirable, use tape-catch to report any exceptions as TAP errors.

The application of a lathe machine is generally dependent on the type of machine. However, some common applications are listed below.

The grooving operation involves reducing the external diameter workpiece to a relatively small surface area. It is done to leave a thin margin at the end of a thread or close to a shoulder. The grooving usually consists of three types: Square, Round, and Bevelled.

A machine to leaves a legacy and remain used throughout history should have some remarkable advantages. Below are some of the notable advantages of using a lathe.

The tool post is mounted on the compound rest and is used to carry cutting tool holders. The holders are supported by a wedge with a bottom that fits into a ring with a concave surface. It is attached to the upper slide. The tool post is positioned on the top of the compound slide to securely hold the tools.

Same functionality as --ignore, but passing the pattern directly instead of an ignore file. If both --ignore and --ignore-pattern are given, the --ignore-pattern argument is appended to the content of the ignore file.

The tailstock is a moveable casting opposite to the headstock that is mounted on the guideways on the bed. It holds tools for operations like drilling, reaming, tapping, etc., and supports the opposite end of the workpiece during machining. It includes the dead centre, adjustment screws, and handwheel.

Assert that actual and expected have the same structure and nested values using node's deepEqual() algorithm with loose comparisons (==) on leaf nodes and an optional description of the assertion msg.

This flag is used when tests from certain folders and/or files are not intended to be run. The argument is a path to a file that contains the patterns to be ignored. It defaults to .gitignore when passed with no argument.

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Assert that the function call fn() throws an exception. expected, if present, must be a RegExp, Function, or Object. The RegExp matches the string representation of the exception, as generated by err.toString(). For example, if you set expected to /user/, the test will pass only if the string representation of the exception contains the word user. Any other exception will result in a failed test. The Function could be the constructor for the Error type thrown, or a predicate function to be called with that exception. Object in this case corresponds to a so-called validation object, in which each property is tested for strict deep equality. As an example, see the following two tests--each passes a validation object to t.throws() as the second parameter. The first test will pass, because all property values in the actual error object are deeply strictly equal to the property values in the validation object.

We just discussed that lathes can aid in various operations which include drilling, reaming, boring, etc. Let us study all the operations that can be performed on a lathe in this section referring to the function of lathe machine.

In general, straight and circular shaping tools are utilised. The straight type is used for wider surfaces while the circular form is utilised for narrow surfaces.

The process of reducing the external diameter of a cylindrical workpiece using a single-point cutting tool, as shown in the animation below, is called turning. The process has types such as taper turning, straight turning, profiling, and external grooving.

The process of creating a symmetrically sloping edge or corner on an object is called chamfering, also known as the ‘bevelling’ procedure. The purpose of the chamfer is to protect the end of the workpiece from damage by removing burrs from uneven surfaces to create an even surface.

Depending on the module you're loading, you may be able to parameterize it using environment variables or auxiliary files. Babel, for instance, will load options from .babelrc at runtime.

The headstock is mounted on the left side of the lathe bed. Its primary duty is to transmit electricity to the components. It is a housing for a spindle where a chuck or live centre is provided that holds one end of the workpiece as it rotates. Also, it contains a necessary transmission system with levers for changing speeds.

It is usually done as a final process. The operation involves smoothening the external or internal surface of the workpiece after all necessary machining operations. A sandpaper or emery cloth is used for this process while the lathe machine runs at higher speeds ranging from 1500 to 1800 RPM.

With the knowledge of the components of the lathe machine, we will be able to understand the working principle of the lathe. This remains common to all types of lathes with some minor changes.

Register a callback to run after the individual test has completed. Multiple registered teardown callbacks will run in order. Useful for undoing side effects, closing network connections, etc.

Assert that actual and expected do not have the same structure and nested values using node's deepEqual() algorithm with loose comparisons (==) on leaf nodes and an optional description of the assertion msg.

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The process of creating a cylindrical hole in a workpiece by rotating the cutting edge of a drill is called Drilling. The tool used is called a drill bit which is mounted to the tailstock or dead centre instead of the tool post as shown in the image below.

Aliases: t.notEquals(), t.isNotEqual(), t.doesNotEqual(), t.isInequal(), t.notStrictEqual(), t.notStrictEquals(), t.isNot(), t.not()

Assert that actual and expected do not have the same structure and nested values using node's deepEqual() algorithm with strict comparisons (===) on leaf nodes and an optional description of the assertion msg.

Create a subtest with a new test handle st from cb(st) inside the current test t. cb(st) will only fire when t finishes. Additional tests queued up after t will not be run until all subtests finish.

A lathe machine is a machine tool that is used to remove unwanted material from a rotating workpiece in the form of chips. This is accomplished with the use of a tool that traverses across the workpiece and feeds into it.

In this article, we will discuss the definition, parts, working principle, and types of lathe machines. You will learn the operations that are performed on the machine in brief. This article helps you to understand the concepts of this oldest machine helping you with SSC JE ME, GATE ME, and RRB JE Mechanical engineering exams.

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We understood the types of lathe but in industries, the machines are specified based on certain criteria. Below are some of the specifications of lathe machines that are commonly used in the manufacturing industries. These play a major role in buying decisions the industries make.

The Mechanical engineering stream has seen some tremendous machines invented and modified all these years. One of the remarkable machines that completely revolutionized the way we perform operations on metal or wood is the Lathe Machine.

TapingMachine

Please note that the second parameter, expected, cannot be of type string. If a value of type string is provided for expected, then t.doesNotThrows(fn, expected, msg) will execute, but the value of expected will be set to undefined, and the specified string will be set as the value for the msg parameter (regardless of what actually passed as the third parameter). This can cause unexpected results, so please be mindful.

It is positioned on the saddle such that it is perpendicular to the bed. One side of the cross slide is equipped with a female dovetail, and it is joined on top of the saddle using its male dovetail. The cross slide hand wheel is turned to move the cross slide at a right angle to the axis of the lathe.

The process of turning concave, convex, or other asymmetrical shapes is called forming operation. This can be done in several ways:

The workpiece is held in place while it is rotating using a dead centre (not freely rotated, i.e., dead). There may be friction on the dead centre due to the rotation of the workpiece when employed in the stationary position. The pointed end of it is placed touching the other end of the workpiece to avoid an abrupt stop in rotation and reduce friction.

Assert that the function call fn() does not throw an exception. expected, if present, limits what should not be thrown, and must be a RegExp or Function. The RegExp matches the string representation of the exception, as generated by err.toString(). For example, if you set expected to /user/, the test will fail only if the string representation of the exception contains the word user. Any other exception will result in a passed test. The Function is the exception thrown (e.g. Error). If expected is not of type RegExp or Function, or omitted entirely, any exception will result in a failed test. msg is an optional description of the assertion.

If expected is not of type RegExp, Function, or Object, or omitted entirely, any exception will result in a passed test. msg is an optional description of the assertion.

Create a stream of output, bypassing the default output stream that writes messages to console.log(). By default stream will be a text stream of TAP output, but you can get an object stream instead by setting opts.objectMode to true.

Check out how the usage of the --no-only flag could help ensure there is no .only test running in a specified environment.

The carriage can be found in the area between the tailstock and headstock. During operation, the carriage serves as a guide, supports, and feeds the tool against the workpiece. The following parts are on the carriage.

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Calling the returned results() function will return an array of call result objects. The array of calls will be reset whenever the function is called. Call result objects will match one of these forms:

It is a cutting-edge engine lathe that is equipped with all the tools required for precise tool room operations, to manufacture small tools, dies, gauges, etc.

An apron is the front section of a carriage. It includes all control keys. The apron is made up of split nuts that engage with the lead screw when cutting threads, as well as gears and clutches for transferring motion from the feed rod to the carriage.

The onFinish hook will get invoked when ALL tape tests have finished right before tape is about to print the test summary.

You may be wondering about the various parts of this ancient machine tool. This section helps you learn all the parts that are responsible for the work done on the machine. Refer to the lathe machine diagram below as you learn.

The process of sizing and completing a hole that has already been drilled or bored is called reaming. A tool with several cutting edges called a ‘reamer’ is used specifically for this operation. An image of this operation is shown below.

Aliases: t.notDeepEquals, t.notEquivalent(), t.notDeeply(), t.notSame(), t.isNotDeepEqual(), t.isNotDeeply(), t.isNotEquivalent(), t.isInequivalent()

Create a new test with an optional name string and optional opts object. cb(t) fires with the new test object t once all preceding tests have finished. Tests execute serially.

If you want a more colorful / pretty output there are lots of modules on npm that will output something pretty if you pipe TAP into them:

This is very similar to how Node's assert.throws() method tests validation objects (please see the Node assert.throws() documentation for more information).

The tool is moved in an inclined plane along the vertical to produce tapered surfaces on the workpiece. Apart from this, normal cutting operations are performed on the lathe as the workpiece is firmly fixed between the centres.