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When forming an internal thread, cut taps and roll taps are two of the most popular options. Both taps have advantages and disadvantages, and the right option for you may depend on the material being threaded.

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It is not going to be an easy feat, however. “The construction difficulty of the drilling project can be compared to a big truck driving on two thin steel cables,” Sun Jinsheng, a scientist at the Chinese Academy of Engineering, told Xinhua.

Cut taps are generally a cheaper option than roll taps and can be used in a wide variety of materials. However, the material being threaded will also chip and create debris. Those chips can be pulled out of blind holes by using a spiral flute cut tap.

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Just like with most other tools, the right tap for your job depends on a number of outside factors including material, application, and desired thread characteristics.

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The deep exploration well will allow scientists to study the internal structure and evolution of the Earth, and provide data for geoscience research, China National Petroleum Corporation, the country’s leading oil and gas producer which led the project, said in a statement.

Despite being versatile and cost-efficient, cut taps also typically have a shorter tool life and will have to be replaced more often. Because the cut tap is literally cutting the material, it can become dull and worn rather quickly.

Narrow 11,000-metre shaft will reach the Earth’s crust to study internal structures as China seeks to explore new frontiers

The project is part of the country’s efforts to explore new frontiers in space and below the Earth’s surface. In 2021, the Chinese president urged the country’s leading scientists to break new barriers in different areas, including deep Earth exploration.

Roll taps should not be used when dealing with a material that is especially hard, such as cast iron, or soft, such as nylon or plastics. If the material is too hard, it may fracture and break. If it is too soft, it may eventually become displaced.

The project is expected to be completed in 457 days and has been hailed by Chinese state media outlets as “a landmark in China’s deep-Earth exploration”.

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“A cut tap is actually going to cut away material after you’ve drilled the hole,” Butler says. “As it puts threads inside the material, it will cut away a portion and give you a very defined, more of a diamond-shaped thread.”

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John Butler, a Martin Supply Regional Account Manager and Certified Fastener Specialist, explained some of those differences on the Fully Threaded Radio Podcast.

The Xinjiang region, in particular, is known to be rich in mineral deposits and oil. Only last month, Sinopec, China’s largest refining company, found sizable oil and gas flows in an exploration well in the Tarim basin at a depth of more than 8,500 metres below the surface.

The equipment, which weighs more than 2,000 tonnes, is designed to withstand underground temperatures of up to 200C and an atmospheric pressure that is 1300 times higher. In addition to the extreme conditions deep below the surface, the harsh ground environment of the Tarim basin – home to China’s hottest, driest desert – adds to the challenge.

Separately, Xi Jinping has also stressed the need to boost domestic energy supply, pushing Chinese energy giants to look for natural resources.

The drilling of the borehole began on Tuesday in a desert in the Tarim basin in China’s north-western region of Xinjiang, according to the Chinese state-run Xinhua news agency. With a planned depth of 11,100 metres, the narrow shaft will penetrate more than 10 continental strata and reach the cretaceous system in the Earth’s crust – a series of stratified rocks dating back 145m years.

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Wang Chunsheng, a technical expert involved in the operation, described it as a bold attempt to explore the unknown territory of the Earth and expand the boundaries of human understanding.

Roll taps, also called ‘form taps,’ have one continuous spiral thread on the tap and do not have flutes. They reform the material inside the hole rather than cutting it away. This typically makes them more durable than cut taps and provides a stronger thread in the material.

“You can use it more often, we’ll say, before you’ll want to replace it,” Butler says. “That’s why so many machine shops want to use a roll tap.”