Hardenabilitydefinition Engineering

Deciding whether to use multi-start threads or single for your application is sometimes tricky, simply because there are advantages and disadvantages to both. For example, a single start trapezoidal thread will self-lock, whereas a multi-start thread will not. On the other hand, you can travel much faster with a multi-start thread.

Hardness, or the resistance to indentation or damage, is a very valuable trait in metals. Steelmakers can increase the strength of a material through different processes known as hardening. Steel hardening was common as early as the Greeks who used surface colors of the steel to determine quenching temperatures, a technique that was used up until the turn of the 20th century. Early smiths used a lot of “magic” to perfect their personal hardening techniques, often using quenching agents such as “dragons blood” or “dew of a May morning”. Luckily, today’s hardening techniques are based solely on science and not as much trial and error. There are two main types of hardening: case hardening, also known as surface, and through hardening.

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The lead screw on the left (number 1) shows a single start lead screw. You can identify this by having one single thread. This is what is referred to as a single start. This means that the distance between the flanks, marked by pitch, is also the linear travel (lead) in millimetres per revolution of the lead screw.

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Tapping with the roll tap initially selected. ①. When the Go plug gauge measures tight, try tapping again with a tap with a larger thread.

For lead screw number 2, a further thread has been added, which is shown with the green illustration. This means that with one revolution of the lead screw the two-fold stroke is achieved (lead = 2 x pitch). The start of the thread is offset by 180°, i.e. opposite each other. This is classed as multi-start threads, or sometimes referred to as a two-start thread.

Our experts are on hand to offer application advice, to ensure that the best possible thread choice is used in your application.

Lead screws are machine elements that convert a rotary movement into linear travel. Lead screws consist of a cylindrical round thread on which a single helix spirals the continuous length, transforming it into a screw. The threads can have, for example, the trapezoidal thread form, metric thread form or the dryspin® geometry designed by igus®. The dryspin® thread is similar in structure to a high helix thread.

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Multi-start thread or single? There are so many confusing terminologies surrounding lead screws, so let’s strip it down and get back to basics.

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Finally, the third lead screw in this example shows a four-start lead screw. This means we have 4 thread starts indicated by orange, green, purple and blue. For the linear travel the same calculation applies here as for the other examples.  The linear travel (lead) is therefore four times the distance between the flanks. The start of the thread is at a position of 90° to each other.

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If you need further information on an of our leadscrews, please visit the website https://www.igus.co.uk/info/lead-screw-units-lead-screw-units or speak to one of our experts on 01604 677240.

Through hardening occurs via heat treatment of medium and high carbon steels (>0.25% carbon). First, ovens heat the steel above its critical temperature, which lies between 1500°F-1900°F depending on alloy. Second, the material is cooled rapidly by dunking the material in water or oil in a process known as quenching. Finally, following quenching, tempering or annealing by reheating eliminates excess brittleness in the material. This process results in increased hardness throughout the material. Consequently, the increased hardness also leads to increased brittleness. In fact, the relatively brittle metal can fracture under impact or shock loads.

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Because through hardening has no effect on mild steel (<0.25% carbon), the material must be case or surface hardened. In a process known as carburizing, a chemically reactive source of carbon adheres to the mild steel during heating at a high temperature. Notably, the carbon source can be gas, liquid, or solid. Finally, after quenching, a hard surface layer, known as a “case”, will form. The most common depth is in the range 0.020”-0.030”. Importantly, the process results in increased hardness on the outside of the material; however, the low carbon core remains relatively soft. The outside is very hard but very brittle; however, the inside is soft and ductile. This combination is the best of both worlds. As a result, case hardened metals contain higher fracture hardness than through hardened steel.

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