Ideally, you will engage us at the planning stage, and indeed, before your builder has started with walls, flooring and landing edges.

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Spiral staircases are not always circular in plan. A squared stairwell may have a spiral where the treads expand to fit the square space. A helical stair can be oval, elliptical or curved in plan.

A Durometer is an instrument that is commonly used for measuring the indentation hardness of rubbers/elastomers and soft plastics such as polyolefin, fluoropolymer, and vinyl. A Durometer simply uses a calibrated spring to apply a specific pressure to an indenter foot. The indenter foot can be either cone or sphere shaped. An indicating device measures the depth of indentation. Durometers are available in a variety of models and the most popular testers are the Model A used for measuring softer materials and the Model D for harder materials.

The Rockwell Superficial Hardness Tester is used to test thin materials, lightly carburized steel surfaces, or parts that might bend or crush under the conditions of the regular test. This tester uses the same indenters as the standard Rockwell tester but the loads are reduced. A minor load of 3 kilograms is used and the major load is either 15 or 45 kilograms depending on the indenter used. Using the 1/16" diameter, steel ball indenter, a "T" is added (meaning thin sheet testing) to the superficial hardness designation. An example of a superficial Rockwell hardness is 23 HR15T, which indicates the superficial hardness as 23, with a load of 15 kilograms using the steel ball.

The values are expressed like 2500 HK25 (or HV25) meaning 2500 Hardness Knoop at 25 gram force load.  The Knoop and Vickers hardness values differ slightly, but for hard coatings, the values are close enough to be within the measurement error and can be used interchangeably.

A wide range of materials can be tested using a Brinell test simply by varying the test load and indenter ball size. In the USA, Brinell testing is typically done on iron and steel castings using a 3000Kg test force and a 10mm diameter ball. A 1500 kilogram load is usually used for aluminum castings. Copper, brass and thin stock are frequently tested using a 500Kg test force and a 10 or 5mm ball. In Europe Brinell testing is done using a much wider range of forces and ball sizes and it is common to perform Brinell tests on small parts using a 1mm carbide ball and a test force as low as 1kg. These low load tests are commonly referred to as baby Brinell tests. The test conditions should be reported along with the Brinell hardness number. A value reported as "60 HB 10/1500/30" means that a Brinell Hardness of 60 was obtained using a 10mm diameter ball with a 1500 kilogram load applied for 30 seconds.

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Our concept design service provides visuals of how the actual staircase will look in the space and provide generous samples of materials we propose using. Hence, you get a representative look and feel for how your commission will turn out.

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There are a large variety of methods used for determining the hardness of a substance. A few of the more common methods are introduced below.

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To make the most of the space you have, you should always consult a staircase specialist like Bisca at the earliest opportunity.

An easy way to tell the difference between the two is the presence of a central post or column. A spiral staircase will have treads winding around a central column, whereas helicals wind around a void.

A helical staircase generally occupies a larger footprint, making the going more leisurely than a spiral. The useable width of a spiral staircase is likely to be narrower than a helical. Anyone who has ever carried a laundry basket, small child or tray of china up or down a spiral staircase can probably testify to how awkward it was.

All Bisca staircases are bespoke, so your helical or spiral design will give you the look you want, using the materials you specify

The Scleroscope test is a very old test that involves dropping a diamond tipped hammer, which falls inside a glass tube under the force of its own weight from a fixed height, onto the test specimen. The height of the rebound travel of the hammer is measured on a graduated scale. The scale of the rebound is arbitrarily chosen and consists on Shore units, divided into 100 parts, which represent the average rebound from pure hardened high-carbon steel. The scale is continued higher than 100 to include metals having greater hardness. The Shore Scleroscope measures hardness in terms of the elasticity of the material and the hardness number depends on the height to which the hammer rebounds, the harder the material, the higher the rebound.

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The unrivalled skills and experience of our workforce are critical to how Bisca achieves absolute satisfaction for every client we work with.

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Many people think that a spiral is their only option due to space being restricted. This is not always the case, and Bisca will provide layout options based on the area you have available.

The Rebound Hardness Test Method is a recent advancement that builds on the Scleroscope. There are a variety of electronic instruments on the market that measure the loss of energy of the impact body. These instruments typically use a spring to accelerate a spherical, tungsten carbide tipped mass towards the surface of the test object. When the mass contacts the surface it has a specific kinetic energy and the impact produces an indentation (plastic deformation) on the surface which takes some of this energy from the impact body. The impact body will lose more energy and it rebound velocity will be less when a larger indentation is produced on softer material. The velocities of the impact body before and after impact are measured and the loss of velocity is related to Brinell, Rockwell, or other common hardness value.

A helical staircase design can look more sculptural than a spiral – although a well-designed spiral stair can also be a thing of beauty. If you want to incorporate specific materials into your design, perhaps to tie in with other elements in the room or property, a bespoke staircase designer is your best option.

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One of the oldest ways of measuring hardness was devised by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1812. The Mohs hardness test involves observing whether a materials surface is scratched by a substance of known or defined hardness. To give numerical values to this physical property, minerals are ranked along the Mohs scale, which is composed of 10 minerals that have been given arbitrary hardness values. Mohs hardness test, while greatly facilitating the identification of minerals in the field, is not suitable for accurately gauging the hardness of industrial materials such as steel or ceramics. For engineering materials, a variety of instruments have been developed over the years to provide a precise measure of hardness. Many apply a load and measure the depth or size of the resulting indentation. Hardness can be measured on the macro-, micro- or nano- scale.

Even if you do not have much space, and a compact spiral is your only option, Bisca will design it to be as easy to use as possible.

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Bisca Staircases  •  Bisca House, Sawmill Lane, Helmsley, North Yorkshire YO62 5DQ  •  Get Directions  •  Telephone: +44 (0) 1439 771 702  •  Email: staircase@bisca.co.uk

The oldest of the hardness test methods in common use on engineering materials today is the Brinell hardness test. Dr. J. A. Brinell invented the Brinell test in Sweden in 1900. The Brinell test uses a desktop machine to applying a specified load to a hardened sphere of a specified diameter. The Brinell hardness number, or simply the Brinell number, is obtained by dividing the load used, in kilograms, by the measured surface area of the indentation, in square millimeters, left on the test surface. The Brinell test is frequently used to determine the hardness metal forgings and castings that have a large grain structures. The Brinell test provides a measurement over a fairly large area that is less affected by the course grain structure of these materials than are Rockwell or Vickers tests.

A -Cemented carbides, thin steel and shallow case hardened steelB -Copper alloys, soft steels, aluminum alloys, malleable iron, etc.C -Steel, hard cast irons, pearlitic malleable iron, titanium, deep case hardened      steel and other materials harder than B 100D -Thin steel and medium case hardened steel and pearlitic malleable ironE -Cast iron, aluminum and magnesium alloys, bearing metalsF -Annealed copper alloys, thin soft sheet metalsG -Phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, malleable ironsH -Aluminum, zinc, leadK, L, M, P, R, S, V -Bearing metals and other very soft or thin materials,        including plastics.

For soft materials such as copper alloys, soft steel, and aluminum alloys a 1/16" diameter steel ball is used with a 100-kilogram load and the hardness is read on the "B" scale. In testing harder materials, hard cast iron and many steel alloys, a 120 degrees diamond cone is used with up to a 150 kilogram load and the hardness is read on the "C" scale. There are several Rockwell scales other than the "B" & "C" scales, (which are called the common scales). A properly reported Rockwell value will have the hardness number followed by "HR" (Hardness Rockwell) and the scale letter. For example, 50 HRB indicates that the material has a hardness reading of 50 on the B scale.

A mitre saw is an ideal tool for this type of job.

Hardness is the resistance of a material to localized deformation. The term can apply to deformation from indentation, scratching, cutting or bending. In metals, ceramics and most polymers, the deformation considered is plastic deformation of the surface. For elastomers and some polymers, hardness is defined at the resistance to elastic deformation of the surface. The lack of a fundamental definition indicates that hardness is not be a basic property of a material, but rather a composite one with contributions from the yield strength, work hardening, true tensile strength, modulus, and others factors. Hardness measurements are widely used for the quality control of materials because they are quick and considered to be nondestructive tests when the marks or indentations produced by the test are in low stress areas.

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The Barcol hardness test obtains a hardness value by measuring the penetration of a sharp steel point under a spring load. The specimen is placed under the indenter of the Barcol hardness tester and a uniform pressure is applied until the dial indication reaches a maximum. The Barcol hardness test method is used to determine the hardness of both reinforced and non-reinforced rigid plastics and to determine the degree of cure of resins and plastics.

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An applied load ranging from 10g to 1,000g is used.  This low amount of load creates a small indent that must be measured under a microscope. The measurements for hard coatings like TiN must be taken at very high magnification (i.e. 1000X), because the indents are so small. The surface usually needs to be polished. The diagonals of the impression are measured, and these values are used to obtain a hardness number (VHN), usually from a lookup table or chart. The Vickers test can be used to characterize very hard materials but the hardness is measured over a very small region.

The Rockwell Hardness test also uses a machine to apply a specific load and then measure the depth of the resulting impression. The indenter may either be a steel ball of some specified diameter or a spherical diamond-tipped cone of 120° angle and 0.2 mm tip radius, called a brale. A minor load of 10 kg is first applied, which causes a small initial penetration to seat the indenter and remove the effects of any surface irregularities. Then, the dial is set to zero and the major load is applied. Upon removal of the major load, the depth reading is taken while the minor load is still on. The hardness number may then be read directly from the scale. The indenter and the test load used determine the hardness scale that is used (A, B, C, etc).

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The Vickers and Knoop Hardness Tests are a modification of the Brinell test and are used to measure the hardness of thin film coatings or the surface hardness of case-hardened parts. With these tests, a small diamond pyramid is pressed into the sample under loads that are much less than those used in the Brinell test. The difference between the Vickers and the Knoop Tests is simply the shape of the diamond pyramid indenter.  The Vickers test uses a square pyramidal indenter which is prone to crack brittle materials. Consequently, the Knoop test using a rhombic-based (diagonal ratio 7.114:1) pyramidal indenter was developed which produces longer but shallower indentations. For the same load, Knoop indentations are about 2.8 times longer than Vickers indentations.

If you are remodelling your home and working with existing room spaces, a bespoke solution designed in empathy with the fabric of the building is going to give you the best results. Helical staircase – Oval Plan Layout Bisca will survey the space and provide some layout options, taking into account how you use the area, the direction of traffic, and the materials you want to be included in the staircase.

In Mediaeval times right-handed swordsmen defended castles from the top down and spirals wound clockwise for this reason. It was easy to hang onto the central column with your left hand and defend the stair below with your sword in your right. Not so easy for the invader coming up the stair with the column blocking his useable hand. Today, Bisca design bespoke spirals/helicals with a tread direction to suit the flow of movement into the surrounding space and to suit left hand or right-hand preferences. Typically it will have a single handrail at the outer edge; however, we can design your spiral with a second handrail on the column side if you prefer.

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