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Simply put, it would work like macro-averaging, but instead of dividing precision and recall by the number of classes, you give each class a fair representation based on the proportion it takes in the dataset.Â

This approach is useful if you have an imbalanced dataset but want to assign larger importance to classes with more examples.Â

Micro-averaging can be more appropriate when you want to account for the total number of misclassifications in the dataset. It gives equal weight to each instance and will have a higher score when the overall number of errors is low. (If this sounds like accuracy, it is because it is!)

For other classes, we follow a similar approach. We’ll skip the visuals, but here are the final results for all 4 classes:

In binary classification, you deal with two possible classes. For example, "spam" or "not spam" emails or "fraudulent" or "non-fraudulent" transactions.Â

Just like with binary classification, in multi-class, some classes might be more prevalent. It might be easier for the model to classify them – at the cost of minority classes. In this case, high accuracy can be confusing.Â

Macro-averaging calculates each class's performance metric (e.g., precision, recall) and then takes the arithmetic mean across all classes. So, the macro-average gives equal weight to each class, regardless of the number of instances.

Accuracy is straightforward to interpret. Did you make a model that classifies 90 out of 100 samples correctly? The accuracy is 90%! Did it classify 87? 87%!

Multi-class classification is a machine learning task that assigns the objects in the input data to one of several predefined categories.

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In our visual example, the model did not do a very good job of predicting Class "B." However, since there were only 5 instances of this class, it did not impact the accuracy dramatically.

Micro-averaging, on the other hand, aggregates the counts of true positives, false positives, and false negatives across all classes and then calculates the performance metric based on the total counts. So, the micro-average gives equal weight to each instance, regardless of the class label and the number of cases in the class.

To calculate the precision, we divide the number of correct predictions of Class “A” by the total number of Class “A” predictions (true and false).

Accuracy measures the proportion of correctly classified cases from the total number of objects in the dataset. To compute the metric, divide the number of correct predictions by the total number of predictions made by the model.Â

You will need to prepare your dataset that includes predicted values for each class and true labels and pass it to the tool. You will instantly get an interactive report that shows accuracy, precision, recall, ROC curve and other visualizations of the model’s quality. You can also integrate these model quality checks into your production pipelines.Â

There are different ways to calculate accuracy, precision, and recall for multi-class classification. You can calculate metrics by each class or use macro- or micro-averaging. This chapter explains the difference between the options and how they behave in important corner cases.

Here is extra: in some scenarios, it might be appropriate to use weighted averaging. This approach takes into account the balance of classes. You weigh each class based on its representation in the dataset. Then, you compute precision and recall as a weighted average of the precision and recall in individual classes.

After we trained our model and generated the predictions for the validation dataset, we can evaluate the model quality. Here is the result we received:Â

Now, if you look at the last two formulas closely, you will see that micro-average precision and micro-average recall will arrive at the same number.Â

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Now, let’s look at micro-averaging. In this case, you need first to calculate the total counts of true positives, false positives, and false negatives across all classes. Then, you compute precision and recall using the total counts.Â

Evidently allows calculating various additional Reports and Test Suites for model and data quality. Check out Evidently on GitHub and go through the Getting Started Tutorial.

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What’s even more interesting, this number is the same as accuracy. What we just did was divide the number of correct predictions by the total number of the (right and wrong) predictions. This is the accuracy formula!

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The most intuitive way is to calculate the precision and recall by class. It follows the same logic as in binary classification.Â

When you have a lot of classes, you might prefer to use macro or micro averages. They provide a more concise summary of the performance.

The only difference is that when computing the recall and precision in binary classification, you focus on a single positive (target) class. With multi-class, there are many classes to predict. To overcome this, you can calculate precision and recall for each class in the dataset individually, each time treating this specific class as "positive." Accordingly, you will treat all other classes as a single "negative" class.Â

The reason is every False Positive for one class is a False Negative for another class. For example, if you misclassify Class “A” as Class “B,” it will be a False Negative for Class “A” (a missed instance) but a False Positive for Class “B” (incorrectly assigned as Class “B”).

Thus, the total number of False Negatives and False Positives in the multi-class dataset will be the same. (It would work differently for multi-label!).

Accuracy is a popular performance metric in classification problems. The good news is that you can directly borrow the metric from binary classification and calculate it for multi-class in the same way.Â

Before getting started, make sure you're familiar with how accuracy, precision, and recall work in binary classification. If you need a refresher, there is a separate chapter in the guide.

Metric and multistock

To better understand the performance of the classifier, you need to look at other metrics like precision and recall. They can provide more detailed information about the types of errors the classifier makes for each class.

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However, what’s important is that we look at the same erroneous predictions as before! Each class’s False Positive is another class’s False Negative.Â

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Macro-averaging results in a “worse” outcome since it gives equal weight to each class. 1 out of 4 classes in our example has very low performance. This significantly impacts the score since it constitutes 25% of the final evaluation.

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To illustrate this difference, let’s return to our example. We have 45 instances and 4 classes. The number of instances in each class is as follows:

However, accuracy has its downsides. While it does provide an estimate of the overall model quality, it disregards class balance and the cost of different errors.Â

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We already estimated the recall and precision by class, so it will be easy to compute macro-average precision and recall. We sum them up and divide them by the number of classes.

‍Multi-class vs. multi-label. In this chapter, we focus on multi-class classification. It is different from multi-label. In multi-class classification, there are multiple classes, but each object belongs to a single class. In multi-label classification, each object might belong to multiple categories simultaneously. The evaluation then works differently.

In this case, you must first calculate the total number of true positives (TP), false positives (FP), and false negatives (FN) predictions across all classes:Â

As a result, there is no single best metric. To choose the most suitable one, you need to consider the number of classes, their balance, and their relative importance.

To quickly calculate and visualize accuracy, precision, and recall for your machine learning models, you can use Evidently, an open-source Python library to evaluate, test and monitor ML models in production.Â

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The model correctly classified 13 samples of Class “A,” 1 sample of Class “B,” 9 samples of Class “C,” and 14 samples of Class “D.” The total number of True Positives is 37.

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Micro-averaging leads to a “better” metric. It gives equal weight to each instance, and the number of objects in the worse-performing class is low. It only has 5 examples out of 45 total. In this case, their contribution to the overall score was lower.

Metric andMultistandard Locations

However, micro-averaging can also overemphasize the performance of the majority class, especially when it dominates the dataset. In this case, micro-averaging can lead to inflated performance scores when the classifier performs well on the majority class but poorly (or very poorly) on the minority classes. If the class is small, you might not notice!

If classes have unequal importance, measuring precision and recall by class or weighing them by importance might be helpful.

Now, what about False Positives? A false positive is an instance of incorrect classification. The model said it was “B,” but was wrong? This is a False Positive for Class “B.”Â

Metric and multiproducts

To calculate the recall, we divide the number of correct predictions of Class “A” by the total number of Class “A” objects in the dataset (both identified and not).Â

Metric and multilocations

Precision for a given class in multi-class classification is the fraction of instances correctly classified as belonging to a specific class out of all instances the model predicted to belong to that class.Â

The idea is simple: instead of having those many metrics for every class, let’s reduce it to one “average” metric. However, there are differences in how you can implement it. The two popular approaches are macro- and micro-averaging.

We first need to calculate the True Positives across each class. Since we arranged the predictions by the actual class, it is easy to count them visually.

They are distributed differently: for example, our model often erroneously assigned class “A” but never class “D.” But the total number of False Negatives and False Positives is the same: 8.Â

Let’s consider that we have a problem with 4 classes. Here is the distribution of the true labels (actual classes) on the validation dataset.

Here is how they are split across classes: the model missed 2 instanced of class “A,” 4 instances of class “B,” and 1 instance of class “C” and “D” each. The total number of False Negatives is 8.Â

This is a bit more complex to grasp visually, since we need to look at the color-coded predicted labels, and the errors are spread across classes.

where N is the total number of classes, and Precision1, Precision2, ..., PrecisionN and Recall1, Recall2, ..., RecallN are the precision and recall values for each class.

Precision and recall metrics are also not limited to binary classification. You can use them in multi-class classification problems as well.Â

To calculate the recall, we also need to look at the total False Negatives number. To count them visually, we need to look at the “missed instances” that belong to each class but were missed by the model.Â

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Now, this colorful example might be mildly confusing because it shows all the model predictions and the actual labels. However, to calculate accuracy, we only need to know which predictions were correct and which were not. Accuracy is “blind” to specific classes.Â

Recall in multi-class classification is the fraction of instances in a class that the model correctly classified out of all instances in that class.Â