"We started on the project in 1992," Houtsma said. "Most companies were using a rail-grabber of some sort, but they were tight on some rails and loose on others. No one ever had standardized dimensions. We brought in different weapons that had rails from the weapons bunkers at Picatinny and even went out and picked up rails from sporting-goods stores. We sat down, measured the distances between a randomly chosen datum on the four 45-degree-angled surfaces and a height from the datum to the top of the rail on the 20 or so different rails, and came up with an average set of numbers."

The MIL-STD 1913 Picatinny rail is a dirt-simple system that has revolutionized the way we attach optics and accessories to firearms.The whole world has gone rail crazy, and with good reason. The MIL-STD 1913 rail developed at the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey is not overly complicated, outrageously expensive, or even hard to manufacture. It is a simple accessory-mounting platform that has revolutionized the way we attach all manner of things--optics in particular--to our firearms.My initial research into the Picatinny rail revealed a world cloaked in myth and mystery; there are a lot of claims and counterclaims about who came up with what when. It was as if I was searching for the optic editor's Holy Grail. Then I found the Picatinny Arsenal website, called the number to a very nice public affairs office, and had the chance to talk with Gary Houtsma, a mechanical designer who spent the last 32 years of his career at Picatinny and actually was the lead project designer on the MIL-STD 1913 rail way back when. Advertisement × Shortly after the U.S. military developed the technology to fight at night, the quest for a standardized mounting system began. All sorts of night-vision and night-aiming devices were being developed for individual and crew-served weapons, and those systems needed to come off when the sun came out yet put rounds on target when they were reinstalled at night. Every company had its own way of attaching the aiming devices, and each required its own mounting platform. Frustrated with all the configurations and dimensional variations of the different dovetail-mounting systems, the U.S. Army tasked the arsenal with developing a standardized mounting system. Advertisement × "We started on the project in 1992," Houtsma said. "Most companies were using a rail-grabber of some sort, but they were tight on some rails and loose on others. No one ever had standardized dimensions. We brought in different weapons that had rails from the weapons bunkers at Picatinny and even went out and picked up rails from sporting-goods stores. We sat down, measured the distances between a randomly chosen datum on the four 45-degree-angled surfaces and a height from the datum to the top of the rail on the 20 or so different rails, and came up with an average set of numbers."Houtsma took the dimensions by committee over to the facility's production side and requested they design a dimensioning style so the rail could be easily produced and inspected. At a first glance, they commented that the rail was exactly like the one on a 105mm howitzer, just scaled way down. Under recoil, a howitzer's tube slides up and down a dovetail rail for repeatability. Turns out, it is important to put really big bullets in the same place miles away every time, too. The arsenal just coopted the howitzer rail production and inspection procedures for the new optics rail. Recommended Advertisement "We sent the finished product over to Rock Island Arsenal, where it was reviewed, and the rail was then sent out to all the different services for comment," Houtsma said. "The final design was then sent to our experts in the technical data section to determine if it should be a standard or a specification. They determined it was standard, not a specification, and did the final drawings. The rail was adopted and fielded in 1995."The rail concept was not developed by Picatinny, merely refined and standardized. The Weaver rail long predated the 1913 rail but has several key dimension differences, most notably the width of the recoil lug/cross slot. The Weaver slot measures 0.180 inch in width, and the 1913 has a 0.206-inch slot. There are no Weaver standards for slot spacing. Standardized spacing was required for the Picatinny rail since some military optics at that time had two recoil lugs. The 1913 slot-spacing center is standardized at 0.394 inch. Most Weaver rings will fit a Picatinny rail, whereas some but not all Picatinny rings will fit a Weaver rail. It mostly depends on the dimensions of the recoil lug. Picatinny rails are usually numbered so that optics can be attached at the same point after removal. Failure to use the same slot can result in point of impact shifts.The standardization was a windfall for the firearms industry. Manufacturers of guns, rails, bases, and rings all were on the same page, saving a lot of work and machining time. Shooters could now buy one mounting system that worked on a myriad of guns. The 1913 rail brings peace and happiness to the lives of optics editors everywhere since they swap scopes and mounts as often as most folks change their underwear.Houtsma said there were no standards issued for the rail as for maintaining zero; those standards are met by the mount and optic. High-quality mount manufacturers take return-to-zero very seriously and have developed some ingenious methods of making sure the scope and muzzle are pointed at the exact same spot every time. Advertisement For example, LaRue Tactical makes some really nice optics mounts and guarantees absolute return to zero. On the firm's lock-lever mounts, a cam attached to a locking lever allows the mount to exert pressure on the rail from three directions, pulling the mount down onto the rail. The locking lever is adjustable, which allows the shooter to correct for rail tolerance, stacking, or a manufacturer's sloppy machine work."It is important that the mount is attached to the rail properly," said Cody Mitchell, a customer-service representative at LaRue, describing the lever-lock system. "You should start feeling contact when the lever is at a 45-degree angle to the rail. The lever should be tight to close and tough to open. That delivers the proper amount of force to hold the mount in position."When the mount is sitting in the recoil lug/cross slots before the lever or locking nuts are tightened, there will often be a little play. This front-to-back wiggle is a result of the mount's recoil-lug dimensions. They are slightly undersized so that they go into and come out of the slots easily. The mount should be pushed forward so that the lug contacts the slot's front wall, especially if the mount is subject to heavy recoil or rough handling. Advertisement All Picatinny rails are supposed to be numbered, allowing the user to remount the optic in exactly the same position every time. Failure to do so can resultin a subtle shift in zero, which could be a huge issue if the optic is paired with a precision rifle. I have a favorite AR carbine that has a complete suite of optics for various applications. Each optic has a dedicated mount and a note card that helps me remember where it sits on the rifle's 1913 rail.The rail has caught on, obviously, and is now used to hang bipods, lasers, and flashlights--the list is endless--on rifles, shotguns, pistols, and belt-fed machine guns. Regardless of the accessory, it sure is nice to know there is a system for optics that really works. Thanks to our friends at Picatinny Arsenal. Advertisement Video That May Interest You × GET THE NEWSLETTER Join the List and Never Miss a Thing. Email Address Sign Me Up

As no chemical reaction occurs in this process, it is called Physical Vapor Deposition. Check my previous bolg to know more details: What is PVD coating?

"It is important that the mount is attached to the rail properly," said Cody Mitchell, a customer-service representative at LaRue, describing the lever-lock system. "You should start feeling contact when the lever is at a 45-degree angle to the rail. The lever should be tight to close and tough to open. That delivers the proper amount of force to hold the mount in position."

"It is important that the mount is attached to the rail properly," said Cody Mitchell, a customer-service representative at LaRue, describing the lever-lock system. "You should start feeling contact when the lever is at a 45-degree angle to the rail. The lever should be tight to close and tough to open. That delivers the proper amount of force to hold the mount in position."

By J. Guthrie The MIL-STD 1913 Picatinny rail is a dirt-simple system that has revolutionized the way we attach optics and accessories to firearms.The whole world has gone rail crazy, and with good reason. The MIL-STD 1913 rail developed at the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey is not overly complicated, outrageously expensive, or even hard to manufacture. It is a simple accessory-mounting platform that has revolutionized the way we attach all manner of things--optics in particular--to our firearms.My initial research into the Picatinny rail revealed a world cloaked in myth and mystery; there are a lot of claims and counterclaims about who came up with what when. It was as if I was searching for the optic editor's Holy Grail. Then I found the Picatinny Arsenal website, called the number to a very nice public affairs office, and had the chance to talk with Gary Houtsma, a mechanical designer who spent the last 32 years of his career at Picatinny and actually was the lead project designer on the MIL-STD 1913 rail way back when. Advertisement × Shortly after the U.S. military developed the technology to fight at night, the quest for a standardized mounting system began. All sorts of night-vision and night-aiming devices were being developed for individual and crew-served weapons, and those systems needed to come off when the sun came out yet put rounds on target when they were reinstalled at night. Every company had its own way of attaching the aiming devices, and each required its own mounting platform. Frustrated with all the configurations and dimensional variations of the different dovetail-mounting systems, the U.S. Army tasked the arsenal with developing a standardized mounting system. Advertisement × "We started on the project in 1992," Houtsma said. "Most companies were using a rail-grabber of some sort, but they were tight on some rails and loose on others. No one ever had standardized dimensions. We brought in different weapons that had rails from the weapons bunkers at Picatinny and even went out and picked up rails from sporting-goods stores. We sat down, measured the distances between a randomly chosen datum on the four 45-degree-angled surfaces and a height from the datum to the top of the rail on the 20 or so different rails, and came up with an average set of numbers."Houtsma took the dimensions by committee over to the facility's production side and requested they design a dimensioning style so the rail could be easily produced and inspected. At a first glance, they commented that the rail was exactly like the one on a 105mm howitzer, just scaled way down. Under recoil, a howitzer's tube slides up and down a dovetail rail for repeatability. Turns out, it is important to put really big bullets in the same place miles away every time, too. The arsenal just coopted the howitzer rail production and inspection procedures for the new optics rail. Recommended Advertisement "We sent the finished product over to Rock Island Arsenal, where it was reviewed, and the rail was then sent out to all the different services for comment," Houtsma said. "The final design was then sent to our experts in the technical data section to determine if it should be a standard or a specification. They determined it was standard, not a specification, and did the final drawings. The rail was adopted and fielded in 1995."The rail concept was not developed by Picatinny, merely refined and standardized. The Weaver rail long predated the 1913 rail but has several key dimension differences, most notably the width of the recoil lug/cross slot. The Weaver slot measures 0.180 inch in width, and the 1913 has a 0.206-inch slot. There are no Weaver standards for slot spacing. Standardized spacing was required for the Picatinny rail since some military optics at that time had two recoil lugs. The 1913 slot-spacing center is standardized at 0.394 inch. Most Weaver rings will fit a Picatinny rail, whereas some but not all Picatinny rings will fit a Weaver rail. It mostly depends on the dimensions of the recoil lug. Picatinny rails are usually numbered so that optics can be attached at the same point after removal. Failure to use the same slot can result in point of impact shifts.The standardization was a windfall for the firearms industry. Manufacturers of guns, rails, bases, and rings all were on the same page, saving a lot of work and machining time. Shooters could now buy one mounting system that worked on a myriad of guns. The 1913 rail brings peace and happiness to the lives of optics editors everywhere since they swap scopes and mounts as often as most folks change their underwear.Houtsma said there were no standards issued for the rail as for maintaining zero; those standards are met by the mount and optic. High-quality mount manufacturers take return-to-zero very seriously and have developed some ingenious methods of making sure the scope and muzzle are pointed at the exact same spot every time. Advertisement For example, LaRue Tactical makes some really nice optics mounts and guarantees absolute return to zero. On the firm's lock-lever mounts, a cam attached to a locking lever allows the mount to exert pressure on the rail from three directions, pulling the mount down onto the rail. The locking lever is adjustable, which allows the shooter to correct for rail tolerance, stacking, or a manufacturer's sloppy machine work."It is important that the mount is attached to the rail properly," said Cody Mitchell, a customer-service representative at LaRue, describing the lever-lock system. "You should start feeling contact when the lever is at a 45-degree angle to the rail. The lever should be tight to close and tough to open. That delivers the proper amount of force to hold the mount in position."When the mount is sitting in the recoil lug/cross slots before the lever or locking nuts are tightened, there will often be a little play. This front-to-back wiggle is a result of the mount's recoil-lug dimensions. They are slightly undersized so that they go into and come out of the slots easily. The mount should be pushed forward so that the lug contacts the slot's front wall, especially if the mount is subject to heavy recoil or rough handling. Advertisement All Picatinny rails are supposed to be numbered, allowing the user to remount the optic in exactly the same position every time. Failure to do so can resultin a subtle shift in zero, which could be a huge issue if the optic is paired with a precision rifle. I have a favorite AR carbine that has a complete suite of optics for various applications. Each optic has a dedicated mount and a note card that helps me remember where it sits on the rifle's 1913 rail.The rail has caught on, obviously, and is now used to hang bipods, lasers, and flashlights--the list is endless--on rifles, shotguns, pistols, and belt-fed machine guns. Regardless of the accessory, it sure is nice to know there is a system for optics that really works. Thanks to our friends at Picatinny Arsenal. Advertisement Video That May Interest You × GET THE NEWSLETTER Join the List and Never Miss a Thing. Email Address Sign Me Up

Due to an actual chemical reaction occurring on the substrate surface, this process is called Chemical Vapor Deposition.

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In the CVD process, the coating substances must be volatile, so only a small number of materials can be used as coating substances. Plus, these volatile coating substances are toxic, explosive, or corrosive and not safe to handle. These coating substances may also produce hazardous by-products in the chemical reaction, which are not easy to dispose of.

All Picatinny rails are supposed to be numbered, allowing the user to remount the optic in exactly the same position every time. Failure to do so can result

"We sent the finished product over to Rock Island Arsenal, where it was reviewed, and the rail was then sent out to all the different services for comment," Houtsma said. "The final design was then sent to our experts in the technical data section to determine if it should be a standard or a specification. They determined it was standard, not a specification, and did the final drawings. The rail was adopted and fielded in 1995."

But if you do not like your coating or want to change them, many manufacturers offer the service in which you can remove your already present PVD and CVD coatings.

In this article, you will learn about different aspects of PVD and CVD processes, such as their working mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages, and much more.

The standardization was a windfall for the firearms industry. Manufacturers of guns, rails, bases, and rings all were on the same page, saving a lot of work and machining time. Shooters could now buy one mounting system that worked on a myriad of guns. The 1913 rail brings peace and happiness to the lives of optics editors everywhere since they swap scopes and mounts as often as most folks change their underwear.

The whole world has gone rail crazy, and with good reason. The MIL-STD 1913 rail developed at the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey is not overly complicated, outrageously expensive, or even hard to manufacture. It is a simple accessory-mounting platform that has revolutionized the way we attach all manner of things--optics in particular--to our firearms.

in a subtle shift in zero, which could be a huge issue if the optic is paired with a precision rifle. I have a favorite AR carbine that has a complete suite of optics for various applications. Each optic has a dedicated mount and a note card that helps me remember where it sits on the rifle's 1913 rail.

Joseph VonBenedikt is with Joel Hodgdon to talk about the improved accuracy and long-range potential of the already reliable Core-Lokt ammo line.

Joseph Von Benedikt visits with Aaron Oelger from Hodgdon about the unprecedented demand on the shooting supply industry.

Houtsma said there were no standards issued for the rail as for maintaining zero; those standards are met by the mount and optic. High-quality mount manufacturers take return-to-zero very seriously and have developed some ingenious methods of making sure the scope and muzzle are pointed at the exact same spot every time.

The Mossberg 500 Pump Action Shotgun is one of the most popular home defense shotguns on the market. Joseph Von Benedikt shows his custom 500 and how well it shoots. Make sure to watch till the end. Who knew wild turkey's were so stupid!?

In CVD, the substrate ( product ) temperature reaches 800°C – 1051.6 °C ( 1472° F – 1925 ° F ), which is even greater than the tempering temperature of steel. While most jewelry and watches are made from materials that have low melting points and can not withstand these high temperatures.

Shortly after the U.S. military developed the technology to fight at night, the quest for a standardized mounting system began. All sorts of night-vision and night-aiming devices were being developed for individual and crew-served weapons, and those systems needed to come off when the sun came out yet put rounds on target when they were reinstalled at night.

Taurus has redesigned this sporting pistol for performance. Joseph Von Benedikt is with Jorge Spat to learn all about it.

Joseph Von Benedikt is with Rafe Nielsen of Browning to take a look at a new X-Bolt series rifle. Lighter and tougher and more precise than ever, it's the perfect back country hunting rifle.

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My initial research into the Picatinny rail revealed a world cloaked in myth and mystery; there are a lot of claims and counterclaims about who came up with what when. It was as if I was searching for the optic editor's Holy Grail. Then I found the Picatinny Arsenal website, called the number to a very nice public affairs office, and had the chance to talk with Gary Houtsma, a mechanical designer who spent the last 32 years of his career at Picatinny and actually was the lead project designer on the MIL-STD 1913 rail way back when.

The standardization was a windfall for the firearms industry. Manufacturers of guns, rails, bases, and rings all were on the same page, saving a lot of work and machining time. Shooters could now buy one mounting system that worked on a myriad of guns. The 1913 rail brings peace and happiness to the lives of optics editors everywhere since they swap scopes and mounts as often as most folks change their underwear.

PVD and CVD are both highly advanced thin-film coating processes. Both of these processes need vacuum conditions and high temperatures for their working.

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Houtsma said there were no standards issued for the rail as for maintaining zero; those standards are met by the mount and optic. High-quality mount manufacturers take return-to-zero very seriously and have developed some ingenious methods of making sure the scope and muzzle are pointed at the exact same spot every time.

No, PVD and CVD coatings do not fall off their own. They are very hard, almost as hard as diamonds, so even scratching them is very difficult.

Houtsma took the dimensions by committee over to the facility's production side and requested they design a dimensioning style so the rail could be easily produced and inspected. At a first glance, they commented that the rail was exactly like the one on a 105mm howitzer, just scaled way down. Under recoil, a howitzer's tube slides up and down a dovetail rail for repeatability. Turns out, it is important to put really big bullets in the same place miles away every time, too. The arsenal just coopted the howitzer rail production and inspection procedures for the new optics rail.

While in PVD, coating substances are solid, which allows us to use a large variety of materials. So, PVD is ideal for coating jewelry and watches with a lot of different substrate materials, such as gold, titanium, graphite, etc.

"We sent the finished product over to Rock Island Arsenal, where it was reviewed, and the rail was then sent out to all the different services for comment," Houtsma said. "The final design was then sent to our experts in the technical data section to determine if it should be a standard or a specification. They determined it was standard, not a specification, and did the final drawings. The rail was adopted and fielded in 1995."

All Picatinny rails are supposed to be numbered, allowing the user to remount the optic in exactly the same position every time. Failure to do so can resultin a subtle shift in zero, which could be a huge issue if the optic is paired with a precision rifle. I have a favorite AR carbine that has a complete suite of optics for various applications. Each optic has a dedicated mount and a note card that helps me remember where it sits on the rifle's 1913 rail.

In PVD, there are no chemical reactions, and mostly the substrate ( product ) is not heated in this process. So, almost any kind of substrate ( product ) material can be coated with this process, even plastics.

After understanding the differences between the 2 coatings, you can learn how to choose the right one for your items in terms of these factors. In the following, I’ll give you some tips.

While PVD is a physical process, no chemical reaction occurs in it, making it ideal for all kinds of jewelry and watches, even if they are made from reactive materials.

CVD is short for Chemical Vapor Evaporation, which is a thin film coating technique. During the CVD process, one or more volatile precursors are introduced in the reaction chamber along with the substrate.  The precursors react or decompose on the substrate surface to form a thin layer of coating. The waste gases escaped the reaction chamber by diffusion.

When the mount is sitting in the recoil lug/cross slots before the lever or locking nuts are tightened, there will often be a little play. This front-to-back wiggle is a result of the mount's recoil-lug dimensions. They are slightly undersized so that they go into and come out of the slots easily. The mount should be pushed forward so that the lug contacts the slot's front wall, especially if the mount is subject to heavy recoil or rough handling. Advertisement

In other blogs, I specially write the details about PVD jewelry and PVD watches. If you’re interested in PVD on these products, you can have a look.

Houtsma took the dimensions by committee over to the facility's production side and requested they design a dimensioning style so the rail could be easily produced and inspected. At a first glance, they commented that the rail was exactly like the one on a 105mm howitzer, just scaled way down. Under recoil, a howitzer's tube slides up and down a dovetail rail for repeatability. Turns out, it is important to put really big bullets in the same place miles away every time, too. The arsenal just coopted the howitzer rail production and inspection procedures for the new optics rail.

"We started on the project in 1992," Houtsma said. "Most companies were using a rail-grabber of some sort, but they were tight on some rails and loose on others. No one ever had standardized dimensions. We brought in different weapons that had rails from the weapons bunkers at Picatinny and even went out and picked up rails from sporting-goods stores. We sat down, measured the distances between a randomly chosen datum on the four 45-degree-angled surfaces and a height from the datum to the top of the rail on the 20 or so different rails, and came up with an average set of numbers."

Plus, CVD is a chemical process, so most substrates ( products ) that are reactive also can not be coated with this process.

PVDCVD Working MechanismCoating substance is physically deposited on the substrate without any chemical reactionCoating substance is deposited on the substrate with a chemical reaction Operating Temperature70° C – 398.8° C ( 158 ° F – 750° F)800° C – 1051.6° C ( 1472° F – 1925° F ) Film Thickness0.25 microns – 5 microns5 microns – 10 microns Coverage AreaMostly Line-of-sight coating, complex shapes can not be coatedCoating substance cover everything including blind spots, threads, etc. But coating a specific part is almost impossible Safetyvery safePrecursor and by-product gases are not safe CostHigherLower

Except for being added as a coating, CVD can be also used to produce artificial diamonds. CVD diamonds now are more common in the market.

Overall, the CVD process has fewer coating substances and is not safe. In contrast, the PVD process has a large number of coating substances and is safe to use.

The rail concept was not developed by Picatinny, merely refined and standardized. The Weaver rail long predated the 1913 rail but has several key dimension differences, most notably the width of the recoil lug/cross slot. The Weaver slot measures 0.180 inch in width, and the 1913 has a 0.206-inch slot. There are no Weaver standards for slot spacing. Standardized spacing was required for the Picatinny rail since some military optics at that time had two recoil lugs. The 1913 slot-spacing center is standardized at 0.394 inch. Most Weaver rings will fit a Picatinny rail, whereas some but not all Picatinny rings will fit a Weaver rail. It mostly depends on the dimensions of the recoil lug.

In the PVD process, the coating substance is solid, so a large variety of materials can be used as coating substances. Plus, PVD materials are not toxic and completely safe to use.

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In the PVD process, a coating substance goes from a condensed form into a vapor form and back to a condensed form as a thin film on the surface of the items.

My initial research into the Picatinny rail revealed a world cloaked in myth and mystery; there are a lot of claims and counterclaims about who came up with what when. It was as if I was searching for the optic editor's Holy Grail. Then I found the Picatinny Arsenal website, called the number to a very nice public affairs office, and had the chance to talk with Gary Houtsma, a mechanical designer who spent the last 32 years of his career at Picatinny and actually was the lead project designer on the MIL-STD 1913 rail way back when.

Choose the PVD process if you want a smooth finish and a shiny metallic luster on your substrate ( products ). But if you want a more rough finish for your substrate ( product ), then CVD is best. Smoothness level can be controlled in both processes by controlling various factors, but overall, CVD coatings are rougher than PVD ones.

Every company had its own way of attaching the aiming devices, and each required its own mounting platform. Frustrated with all the configurations and dimensional variations of the different dovetail-mounting systems, the U.S. Army tasked the arsenal with developing a standardized mounting system. Advertisement ×

Mikey Hartman, Lt. Col. (Ret.) of Israeli Defense Forces, joins David Fortier for an exclusive interview for Shotgun News.

The rail has caught on, obviously, and is now used to hang bipods, lasers, and flashlights--the list is endless--on rifles, shotguns, pistols, and belt-fed machine guns. Regardless of the accessory, it sure is nice to know there is a system for optics that really works. Thanks to our friends at Picatinny Arsenal.

In contrast, in the CVD process, the substrate ( product ) is heated up to 800°C – 1051.6 °C ( 1472° F – 1925 ° F ), which most substrate materials can not withstand. So, most substrates that have low melting points can not be coated.

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For example, LaRue Tactical makes some really nice optics mounts and guarantees absolute return to zero. On the firm's lock-lever mounts, a cam attached to a locking lever allows the mount to exert pressure on the rail from three directions, pulling the mount down onto the rail. The locking lever is adjustable, which allows the shooter to correct for rail tolerance, stacking, or a manufacturer's sloppy machine work.

In short, PVD is more expensive than CVD. Thus, the manufacturers usually use PVD coating on some high-end products for the decorative purpose, such as designer watches, jewelry, etc. If you want to know more about the cost, you can check another blog about the cost of PVD coating.

There are many differences between PVD and CVD coating processes, such as their working mechanisms, operating temperatures, coating substances nature, coating coverage area, film thickness, smoothness of coating, applications, and much more.

CVD is a chemical process, and most substrates ( products ) that are reactive can not be used. So, it also limits the most materials from which jewelry and watches are made.

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For example, LaRue Tactical makes some really nice optics mounts and guarantees absolute return to zero. On the firm's lock-lever mounts, a cam attached to a locking lever allows the mount to exert pressure on the rail from three directions, pulling the mount down onto the rail. The locking lever is adjustable, which allows the shooter to correct for rail tolerance, stacking, or a manufacturer's sloppy machine work.

Besides, there are 5 types of PVD methods. Each type comes with a similar working principle. They are dry coating methods.

The two coatings are both prevalent and can be found in many consumer products. However, if you want to apply coating on the surface of jewelry and watches, the only coating can be PVD process.

The rail has caught on, obviously, and is now used to hang bipods, lasers, and flashlights--the list is endless--on rifles, shotguns, pistols, and belt-fed machine guns. Regardless of the accessory, it sure is nice to know there is a system for optics that really works. Thanks to our friends at Picatinny Arsenal. Advertisement

The rail concept was not developed by Picatinny, merely refined and standardized. The Weaver rail long predated the 1913 rail but has several key dimension differences, most notably the width of the recoil lug/cross slot. The Weaver slot measures 0.180 inch in width, and the 1913 has a 0.206-inch slot. There are no Weaver standards for slot spacing. Standardized spacing was required for the Picatinny rail since some military optics at that time had two recoil lugs. The 1913 slot-spacing center is standardized at 0.394 inch. Most Weaver rings will fit a Picatinny rail, whereas some but not all Picatinny rings will fit a Weaver rail. It mostly depends on the dimensions of the recoil lug.

In CVD, only those coating substances can be used, which are volatile at room temperature. So, coating substance materials are limited. For example, gold can not be used as a coating substance to coat jewelry and watches.

Every company had its own way of attaching the aiming devices, and each required its own mounting platform. Frustrated with all the configurations and dimensional variations of the different dovetail-mounting systems, the U.S. Army tasked the arsenal with developing a standardized mounting system.

PVD technology is widely used in the manufacturing of jewelry, door and window hardware, kitchen and bathroom hardware, lamps, marine supplies, handicrafts and other decorative products.

Shortly after the U.S. military developed the technology to fight at night, the quest for a standardized mounting system began. All sorts of night-vision and night-aiming devices were being developed for individual and crew-served weapons, and those systems needed to come off when the sun came out yet put rounds on target when they were reinstalled at night.

When the mount is sitting in the recoil lug/cross slots before the lever or locking nuts are tightened, there will often be a little play. This front-to-back wiggle is a result of the mount's recoil-lug dimensions. They are slightly undersized so that they go into and come out of the slots easily. The mount should be pushed forward so that the lug contacts the slot's front wall, especially if the mount is subject to heavy recoil or rough handling.

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The whole world has gone rail crazy, and with good reason. The MIL-STD 1913 rail developed at the Picatinny Arsenal in New Jersey is not overly complicated, outrageously expensive, or even hard to manufacture. It is a simple accessory-mounting platform that has revolutionized the way we attach all manner of things--optics in particular--to our firearms.

But in PVD, the average temperature is 70° C – 398.8° C ( 158 ° F – 750° F), which is ideal for almost all the materials, even plastics.