Editor’s Note: Our local agriculture feature story was originally planned to cover the production of Hawai‘i’s legal cannabis crop. However, due to circumstances beyond our control, we were unable to pursue it. Instead, here is an overview and history of…

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As with hydrophobicity, which makes a material repel water or a particular liquid, it can also be made to attract it. With this, the liquid can be made to spread quickly across the surface, which can be beneficial, for example, for painting or gluing processes.

The techniques by which artificial microstructures can be obtained are very diverse and varied. For example, if we polish an object, we are modifying its surface microstructure, and thus its properties. Similarly, if we abrade a polished surface with coarse sandpaper, we increase its roughness and also change its surface microstructure. These methods are simple examples with which certain microstructures can be obtained, but the properties that can be achieved in this way are limited and well known. In this section, we focus on two of the most novel methods by which high precision and small size microstructures can be obtained.

It allows the layered deposition of a low range of materials on very specific substrates. It is necessary to use masks to perform this technique, which usually does not allow the processing of large surfaces. On the other hand, the range of microstructures that can be achieved is wider and of better quality and definition than with laser.

With certain very specific microstructures, it is possible to inhibit the proliferation of bacteria on the surface of the materials. Although it is not possible to kill the bacteria, it is possible to prevent them from being deposited properly, thus preventing the proliferation of bacterial colonies and their subsequent transformation into biofilm.

By Stefan Verbano A side of the perched lava channel fed by Fissure Eight collapses, sending a river of pāhoehoe barreling northeast through Leilani Estates toward Puna Geothermal Venture (PGV). By the evening of May 29, 2018, the breakout flow…

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Shark skin It is a line-based microstructure, present in shark scales, which has superhydrophobic water-repellent properties. This allows the shark to be able to swim with less water opposition, and therefore reach higher speeds. Gecko skin It is a pillar-based microstructure, which provides superhydrophobic properties. This causes any water droplets that come in contact with its skin to slide off without adhering, and eventually be expelled. This property helps the gecko to stay clean and to be able to get rid of sand grains that may adhere to its body when living in the desert. lotus leaf It is a microstructure that provides superhydrophobic properties. Lotus flowers, despite growing in areas with abundant water, keep their leaves always dry and clean thanks to the hydrophobic properties of their leaves. In this way, water is repelled and carries away any particles of dust or dirt, keeping the leaves clean. Snakeskin It is a microstructure based on lines, capable of decomposing light into different colors. This means that depending on the angle from which it is observed, its skin appears to be of a certain color or another, thus attracting different prey to feed on.

Valley or line-shaped microstructures They are obtained by making lines in the same direction. Grid-like microstructures They are obtained by drawing lines in two perpendicular directions.Pillar-shaped microstructures They are obtained by creating holes or cavities in the surface. Cavity-shaped microstructures They are obtained by creating holes or cavities in the surface.

The surface of a material can be made to repel water or other liquids. To do this, a specific microstructure must be designed for each material and liquid. The reason why water or certain liquids can be repelled is centered on the modification of the surface tension of the material, holding the liquid on its surface.

By Stefan Verbano David Reppun walks barefoot along the mounded rows of taro. He stops at a full-grown hedge of the broad-leafed Polynesian staple, announces its variety name, and leans into the mass of green, selecting a stem and bending…

By Stefan Verbano Inside garden hoses, along the walls of rain catchment tanks, between the folds of lettuce leaves, the slugs and snails slither. Although they look just like their harmless mainland cousins, these Hawaiian gastropods harbor a strange and…

It allows, by scanning a laser beam on a surface, to create microstructures starting from a few microns. It is a method that allows microstructuring a great variety of materials and that has been developed in the last years. In ATRIA we have made examples of laser microstructuring.

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By Stefan Verbano “The quality of your water is a direct link to the quality of your health.” This is scribbled on a chalkboard hanging in the window of Todd and Archer’s shop in Pāhoa. It’s their business motto, and…

By Stefan Verbano Students at Mālamalama Waldorf School in Kea‘au will ring in the Makahiki season a little differently this year. Gone will be the crowds of spectators, the buffet tables groaning under the weight of steaming pots of taro…

By Stefan Verbano Hanau ka ‘Uku-ko‘ako‘a, hanau kana, he ‘Ako‘ako‘a, puka “Born was the coral polyp, born was the coral, came forth” —Kumulipo, Hawaiian Chant of Creation, line 15 Surrounding the islands, inhabiting a narrow column of warm water—with destructive…

Artificial microstructures are those developed by humans that do not occur as such in nature. Although it is true that many of these microstructures try to replicate natural microstructures, the manufacturing processes available at the moment do not allow them to be completely replicated. Because of this, many of the artificial microstructures present a simple pattern that repeats itself in an orderly fashion, without being able to emulate some of the chaotic form of microstructures in nature.

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By Stefan Verbano Since the dawn of agriculture, honeybee keepers have braved the swarm in search of that coveted golden nectar. The sound of an open hive is intimidating—a buzzing roar which connects with some ancient, instinctual human sense that…

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With the right microstructure, the roughness, and therefore the abrasion that occurs on the surface of a material can be controlled. If the presence of some type of lubricant is also taken into account, microstructures can be created that allow better lubrication of the surface and therefore less abrasion.

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By Stefan Verbano Kornelius Schorle deals in postcards from the past. Peering through his camera lens, working with the care and patience of a master craftsman, he has preserved forever—in saturated colors—beloved Hawai‘i Island places that will never be seen…

By Stefan Verbano Bruce Miller and Ed Clapp headed to the crater overlook that fateful December night to stargaze and celebrate the solstice. A cold, wet mist hung in the mountain air, surrounding them. They approached the volcano’s rim as…

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Depending on the scale, any structure can modify its environment differently. For example, if a mountain has cavities and holes meters long, we call it a cave, and it can be used as a storehouse or home. On the other hand, if the cavities and holes are millimeter long, we will call it rock porosity. And, at most, some liquid such as water, or some gas such as air, can pass through it, but in no case a person.In the case of structures realized on the micrometer scale, they are called microstructures. These microstructures usually appear as simple patterns of roughness on the surface of materials, which change some of the properties of these surfaces.

In nature you can constantly find plants or animals that present unique and surprising properties. For example, there are some snakes with skins that change color depending on the angle from which they are viewed, as well as the existence of insects that are able to “walk” on water. These properties, although unusual, are, to a greater extent, accepted in nature. Now, what would you think if we told you that you could give the color-changing properties of snakeskin to a cell phone, or the ability of insects to “walk” on water to a steel bar? All this and much more is possible by modifying the surface roughness of things, or what is the same, giving surfaces certain microstructures to achieve new properties in materials.

By Stefan Verbano There is a fierce urgency in Gary Rosenbergʻs eyes. Itʻs the look of a time traveler who, after witnessing some future calamity, is sent back to warn an incredulous public to change their ways, often with great…

By Stefan Verbano Every footstep crunches on the way to the summit. A strange, brittle ash coats the land, heaped in golden hills in some places; in others cut away by rivulets of erosion from three years of tropical rainstorms.…

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By Stefan Verbano “One wave will change your life.” This is the motto of big wave surfer Mikey “Redd” O’Shaughnessy, who throughout his 29 years of life in Hawai‘i has seen those words play out in the best and worst…

By Stefan Verbano Through a break in the shrubbery beside Highway 130, the lava field reveals itself for the first time. After a long, gradual bend in the road heading downhill from the turn to ‘Opihikao, strawberry guava-laden jungle falls…

Natural microstructures, as their name suggests, are those that occur in nature. Both plants and animals have evolved over thousands of years to adapt to their environment. Some of these adaptations are on a larger scale, such as the long necks of giraffes to reach the treetops, or the opposable thumbs of primates to grasp objects more easily. Others, however, are microscopic, and also provide certain advantages over their environment. Some examples of natural microstructures can be seen below:

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By Stefan Verbano Big Polynesian hands hoisted the massive tile “puzzlepiece” mural upright at last, and Rika Blue took a step back to admire her creation for the first time in its rightful place. This moment was the vindication of…

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Previously, some properties that can be modified by microstructuring the surfaces of the materials have been discussed above. Some of them are detailed below:

There are different types of microstructures, as well as different ways of classifying them. In this blog we will distinguish two main groups: natural microstructures and artificial microstructures.

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By Stefan Verbano Long ago — before the chirp of coqui frogs, before the buzz of mosquitoes, before the scuttle of mongooses—Hawai‘i Islandʻs mountain forests rang out with a different sound. Shrill and piercing, these shrieks rose above the understory…

By Stefan Verbano Hawai‘i’s islands were once tropical paradises for birds. Ten million years ago, the winged founders of Hawai‘i’s endemic bird populations touched down on a partially formed, mid-Pacific island chain markedly different than any humans have since “discovered.”…

By Stefan Verbano Every other day, the big four-engine seaplanes would roar over Johnson Lum’s grandfather’s home on the main Fiji island of Viti Levu. The Sunderland Flying Boats were on rescue and reconnaissance missions over vast, isolated stretches of…

By Stefan Verbano Eve the sheep lived an action-packed life before coming to the sanctuary. She spent her early years frolicking through green pastures of her lower Puna homestead, until her peaceful existence was shattered in 2018 by the massive…

By Stefan Verbano “So, what’s one way we can tell the age of a volcano?” Punawai Rice asks the audience of fourth graders seated before him. No hands shoot up. “Well think about this: how can we tell one volcano…

By Stefan Verbano The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Soiled plastic foam takeout containers fly out of a dumpster and whip through the streets on gusts from the tail end of a tropical storm. Some get caught in trees, on fences,…