Docol® PHS steel grades are be supplied to VDA or OEM standards. The new VDA hot-stamped steel standard is CR1900T-MB-DS, which corresponds to Docol® PHS 2000. If you don’t see a specific grade listed here, please contact our technical support — we often develop innovative UHSS steels, customized for a specific automotive application.

The phrase "anomalous nickel" has been used to describe this behavior and the fact that equilibria often exist between these forms. Some examples include:

Press hardening steel “as delivered” has a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure. When heated to 900°C by the parts manufacturer, PHS converts to an austenitic microstructure. Subsequent quenching (cooling) determines how much of PHS is converted to a “full hard” (FH) martensitic microstructure.

Press hardening steel has UTS of up to 2000 MPa, no springback, and can be formed into very complex shapes: all useful for lightweighting of parts. Tailored tempering enables multi-strength crash performance – e.g., energy transfer and absorption in one part.

High strength, low alloy steels are a cost-effective choice for increasing strength-to-weight ratios when compared to conventional mild carbon steels. HSLA steels also have excellent bendability and weldability and can increase the strength and/or decrease the weight for a variety of body-in-white and chassis automotive components, including suspensions, beams, and subframes.

Lightweighting engineers: The strongest available automotive steels, PHS grades let you “downgage,” allowing for significant weight reductions.

Toolsteel hardening

This page titled Chemistry of Nickel is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Robert J. Lancashire.

Martensitic steel combines tensile strengths up to 1700 MPa with good ductility, making it highly efficient for both vehicle lightweighting and improved crash protection — especially in anti-intrusion zones.

The Nickel (II) ion forms many stable complexes as predicted by the Irving Williams series. Whilst there are no other important oxidation states to consider, the Ni(II) ion can exist in a wide variety of CN's which complicates its coordination chemistry. For example, for CN=4 both tetrahedral and square planar complexes can be found. For CN=5 both square pyramid and trigonal bipyramid complexes are formed.

Ferritic-Bainitic are multi-phased steels with high hole expansion ratios and good edge stretch capabilities. FB steels are suited for cold-formed and punched flanges when lightweighting automotive components such as wheels, cross members, and other structural parts.

Nickel is the earth's 22nd most abundant element and the 7th most abundant transition metal. It is a silver white crystalline metal that occurs in meteors or combined with other elements in ores. Two important groups of ores are:

Dual phase automotive steels have an excellent balance of ductility, high tensile strengths, easy cold formability, and very good crash energy-absorption. Its high early-stage strain hardening (n-value) makes DP steel resistant to local necking due to strain redistribution — providing highly uniform elongation. Dual phase steel’s low yield-to-tensile-strength ratio creates high global formability for deep-drawing and high-stretching capacities — all with good weldability.

Nickel hydroxide usually occurs as green crystals that can be precipitated when aqueous alkali is added to a solution of a nickel (II) salt. It is insoluble in water but dissolves readily in acids and ammonium hydroxide.

Nickel carbonate usually occurs as a light green crystalline solid or a brown powder. It dissolves in ammonia and dilute acids but is insoluble in hot water. It exhibits vigorous reaction with iodine, hydrogen sulphide or a mixture of barium oxide and air. It decomposes on heating before melting occurs.

Nickel carbonyl is a colorless, volatile, liquid. It is soluble in alcohol, benzene, and nitric acid but only slightly soluble in water, and insoluble in dilute acids and alkalis. Upon heating or in contact with acid or acid fumes, nickel carbonyl emits toxic carbon monoxide gas, a property exploited in preparation of nickel metal. When exposed to heat or flame the compound explodes and it can react violently with air, oxygen and bromine.

How to hardensteelwith oil

\[ \ce{Ni} + \ce{4CO} \ce{->[ 50°C]} \underbrace{\ce{Ni(CO)_4}}_{impure} \ce{->[ 230°C]} \underbrace{\ce{Ni}}_{pure} + \ce{4CO} \nonumber \]

At the time of its discovery nickel was thought to be useless but as its valuable properties came to light the demand for the metal increased dramatically. The usefulness of nickel as a material in alloys was eventually discovered as the strength, corrosion resistance and hardness it adds to other metals came to be appreciated. In the 1800s, the technique of silver plating was developed with a nickel-copper-zinc alloy being utilized in the process. Today, stainless steel, another nickel containing alloy, is one of the most valuable materials of the 20th century.

Hardenedsteelproperties

Complex phase steels have the highest — up to 100% — hole expansion ratios available from advanced high strength steels. Their high HER values provide excellent cold-forming properties for punched and stretched edges/flanges, as well as deep-drawn shapes. CP steels’ superior yield strengths are used for high crash-energy absorption, while their elevated UTS levels enable thinner walls for significant automobile weight reductions.

Canada is the world's leading nickel producer and the Sudbury Basin of Ontario contains one of the largest nickel deposits in the world.

In the first step of the process, nickel oxide is reacted with water gas, a mixture of H2 and CO, at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 50 °C. The oxide is thus reduced to impure nickel. Reaction of this impure material with residual carbon monoxide gives the toxic and volatile compound, nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4. This compound decomposes on heating to about 230 °C to give pure nickel metal and CO, which can then be recycled. The actual temperatures and pressures used in this process may very slightly from one processing plant to the next. However the basic process as outlined is common to all.

The U.S. five-cent piece is 25% nickel. The element is also an important alloying agent for stainless steels and in very powerful magnets. Nickel is found in the earth's crust to the extent of about 70 parts per million, about the same as copper and zinc. There is a good chance that a high proportion of the core of the earth is molten nickel.

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Nickel had been in use centuries before its actual discovery and isolation. As far back as 3500 BC Syrian bronzes contained a small amount of the element. In 235 BC, coins in China were minted from nickel. However there was no real documentation of the element until thousands of years later. In the 17thcentury, German miners discovered a red Colored ore they believed to contain copper. They discovered upon analysis that there was no copper but that a useless, smelly material was actually present. Thinking the ore was evil they dubbed it "Kupfernickel" or Old Nick's Copper, which meant false or bad copper. Swedish scientist Baron Axel Frederich Cronstedt in 1751 finally isolated nickel from an ore closely resembling kupfernickel. Hence, he named this new element after the traditional mineral.

The primary use of nickel is in the preparation of alloys such as stainless steel, which accounts for approximately 67% of all nickel used in manufacture. The greatest application of stainless steel is in the manufacturing of kitchen sinks but it has numerous other uses as well. Other nickel alloys also have important applications. An alloy of nickel and copper for example is a component of the tubing used in the desalination of sea water. Nickel steel is used in the manufacture of armor plates and burglar proof vaults. Nickel alloys are especially valued for their strength, resistance to corrosion and in the case of stainless steel for example, esthetic value.

Safety engineers: Unmatched design flexibility in both stamped part complexity and multi-strength capabilities (e.g., energy transfer and energy absorption) in a single part.

Casehardening steel

where Φ is shorthand for C6H5. Ni2+reacts with CN- to give Ni(CN)2.nH2O (blue-green) which on heating at 180-200°C is dehydrated to yield Ni(CN)2. Reaction with excess KCN gives K2Ni(CN)4.H2O (orange crystals) which can be dehydrated at 100°C. Addition of strong concentrations of KCN produces red solutions of Ni(CN)53-.

In 1899 Ludwig Mond developed a process for extracting and purifying nickel. The so-called "Mond Process" involves the conversion of nickel oxides to pure nickel metal. The oxide is obtained from nickel ores by a series of treatments including concentration, roasting and smelting of the minerals.

Press hardening steel has several names that refer to how it is used, including hot stamped, hot press forming (HPF), and hot formed (HF). PHS also has names based on its chemical composition, including hot-stamped boron, carbon-manganese-boron, and 22MnB5 boron.The ultimate mechanical properties for PHS steels are set by the stamper, not the steel mill. Hot-stamped steels, “as delivered” by the steel mills, have a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure and when heated to 900°C by the fabricator, the steel converts to an austenitic microstructure. During the subsequent quenching process, the rate of cooling determines how much of the formed part is converted to the “full hard” (FH) martensitic microstructure.PHS steels’ very high strengths allow for thin wall designs (“downgauging”) and therefore significant lightweighting of automotive crash components. Press hardening also enables UHSS steel to be formed into complex shapes.

What is hardenedsteelused for

High edge ductility HSLA steel with greatly improved local formability and high hole expansion ratios – ideal for challenging auto components with complex designs on sheared stretched edges.

Identification of nickel compounds can be achieved by employing the use of an organic reagent dimethylglyoxine. This compound forms a red flocculent precipitate on addition to a solution of a nickel compound.

Steel hardeningnear me

for L= mixed aryl and alkyl phosphines, both stereochemistries can occur in the same crystalline substance. The energy of activation for conversion of one form to the other has been found to be around 50kJ mol-1. Similar changes have been observed with variation of the X group:

(c) Complexes of the type NiL2X 2, where L are phosphines, can give rise to either tetrahedral or square planar complexes. It has been found that:

(b) Ni(acac)2 is only found to be monomeric at temperatures around 200°C in non-coordinating solvents such as n-decane. 6-coordinate monomeric species are formed at room temperature in solvents such as pyridine, but in the solid state Ni(acac)2 is a trimer, where each Ni atom is 6-coordinate. Note that Co(acac)2 actually exists as a tetramer.

An industry exclusive: SSAB ships coils, sheets and custom lengths of any size, typically in 1 to 2 weeks. Get AHSS/UHSS samples for both our commercially available grades, as well as our newest steels still in development.

Nickel oxide is a powdery green solid that becomes yellow on heating. It is difficult to prepare this compound by simply heating nickel in oxygen and it is more conveniently obtained by heating nickel hydroxide, carbonate or nitrate. Nickel oxide is readily soluble in acids but insoluble in hot and cold water.

Hardenedsteelmaterial list

The crystal structure of the double salt prepared by addition of Cr(en)33+to Ni(CN)53- showed that two types of Ni stereochemistry were present in the crystals in approximately equal proportions. 50% as square pyramid and 50% as trigonal bipyramid.

Nickel is a hard silver white metal, which occurs as cubic crystals. It is malleable, ductile and has superior strength and corrosion resistance. The metal is a fair conductor of heat and electricity and exhibits magnetic properties below 345°C. Five isotopes of nickel are known.

All the nickel dihalides are known to exist. These compounds are usually yellow to dark brown in Color. Preparation directly from the elements is possible for all except NiF2, which is best prepared from reaction of F2on NiCl2 at 350°C. Most are soluble in water and crystallization of the hexahydrate containing the [Ni(H2O)6]2+ion can be achieved. NiF2however is only slightly soluble in water from which the trihydrate crystallizes. The only nickel trihalide known to exist is an impure specimen of NiF3.

(a) substituted acacs react with Ni2+ to give green dihydrates (6 coordinate). On heating, the two coordinated water groups are generally removed to give tetrahedral species. The unsubstituted acac complex, Ni(acac)2 normally exists as a trimer, see below. Lifschitz salts containing substituted 1,2-diaminoethanes can be isolated as either 4 or 6 coordinate species depending on the presence of coordinated solvent.

Production engineers: Pick from a wide variety of PHS production processes, including direct, indirect, hybrid, pre-cooled direct, multi-step, roll form PHS, form fixture hardening, and form blow hardening/hot gas metal forming.

Press hardening steels have four major advantages: they can be formed into very complex shapes, their ultimate tensile strength ranges up to 2000 MPa (290 ksi), there is little or no springback, and, with tailored tempering, you can combine “full hard zones” and “soft zones” for multi-function crash performance within a single part.

Unlike its near neighbor copper on the periodic table, nickel is only a fair electrical conductor. But like its other neighbor, cobalt, it is very useful in making strong permanent magnets. It is also highly resistant to attack by alkalis and is used to store and transport concentrated sodium and potassium hydroxide. Nickel reacts with most acids to produce hydrogen gas and the green Ni2+ ion.

In its metallic form nickel is chemically unreactive. It is insoluble in cold and hot water and ammonia and is unaffected by concentrated nitric acid and alkalis. It is however soluble in dilute nitric acid and sparingly soluble in dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.

Sustainability officers: Improve your life cycle assessment with our low-embedded-CO2 UHSS steels — equivalent to recycled steel today, and becoming fossil-free in 2026.

Dual phase with high formability/ductility (DH) steels are TRIP-assisted, 3rd Generation automotive steels with high global and local formability and good resistance to edge cracking. DH steel have excellent energy-absorbing properties, included reserved ductility during crash impact. DH grades are ideal for complex geometries, including cold deep drawing. DH steel's FLDs and HERs are superior to DP steels, enabling scrap reduction and more streamlined stamping.

Nickel compounds also have useful applications. Ceramics, paints and dyes, electroplating and preparation of other nickel compounds are all applications of these compounds. Nickel oxide for example is used in porcelain painting and in electrodes for fuel cells. Nickel acetate is used as a mordant in the textiles industry. Nickel carbonate finds use in ceramic colors and glazes.

The first crystallization of an enzyme was reported in the 1920's. The enzyme was urease which converts urea to ammonia and bicarbonate. One source of the enzyme is the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori. The release of ammonia is beneficial to the bacterium since it partially neutralizes the very acidic environment of the stomach (whose function in part helps kill bacteria). In the initial study it was claimed that there were no metals in the enzyme. Fifty years later this was corrected when it was discovered that nickel ions were present and an integral part of the system. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005 was awarded to Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease".

Nickel is known primarily for its divalent compounds since the most important oxidation state of the element is +2. There do exist however certain compounds in which the oxidation state of the metal is between -1 to +4. Blue and green are the characteristic colors of nickel compounds and they are often hydrated.

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Electroplating is another major use of the metal. Nickel plating is used in protective coating of other metals. In wire form, nickel is used in pins, staples, jewelry and surgical wire. Finely divided nickel catalyzes the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Nickel is also used in the coloring of glass to which it gives a green hue.