Stainlesssteel composition

*E.g. 1095 steel has 0.95% carbon and a 45% machinability rating, while grade 1060 steel has 0.6% carbon and a machinability rating of 57%.

Alloyed: Other elements, like chromium, cobalt, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten, and/or vanadium, are sometimes added to steel to improve its hardness, strength, toughness, heat- and corrosion resistance. These extra ingredients will also raise the material’s price, so it’s typically only done when absolutely necessary. A common example of an alloyed high-carbon steel is stainless steel.

Steelis an alloy of

Hot-rolled: The hot-rolling process is done near the recrystallization temperature, something that creates finer grains in the steel’s microstructure that are more prone to dislocation, making this form less strong than others. It also has fewer residual internal stresses which makes it less hard than its cold-rolled counterpart, and, since it shrinks as it cools, its dimensions are rather hard to control. It is, however, a more affordable option thanks to its low energy needs, so it’s used in applications that aren’t too strict on tolerances, like construction and rail.Â

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Like other steel types, high-carbon steel is made by melting either recycled steel or pig iron to remove impurities, and then adding the alloying elements before casting or extruding. Molten steel, by nature, dissolves carbon at high temperatures, but will typically release it if it is allowed to cool slowly. So as not to allow the carbon to escape the metal’s lattice structure, the metal is quenched (rapidly cooled) to increase the cooling rate from about 200°C to 1000°C per minute. This retains all the internal stresses in the microstructure—although “internal stress” sounds like a bad thing, it’s not—in this case, it improves the steel’s strength and hardness.

Steeluses

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Tool steel: Alloyed with tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt, and vanadium, tool steel is extra durable—which is just as well since it’s used to make tools—and it has excellent heat resistance so won’t temper in high temperatures.Â

Steelchemical formula

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Although it’s sometimes confused with stainless steel because they both have a high carbon content, these two steels are quite different. Stainless steel has at least 10.5% chromium in it, while high-carbon steel can have just a little, or none at all. The high chromium in stainless steel makes it corrosion-resistant, and this is perhaps the main differentiating factor as high-carbon steel can rust a lot more easily. While a high carbon content offers this steel an array of benefits (it also has more tensile strength than stainless steel), it also gives it low ductility and malleability, and makes it hard to weld, cut, and form.

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Steel composition percentageformula

Plain carbon steel: As the Plain Jane of steel, this type doesn’t have any other alloying elements (well, none of significance, anyway). It's hard to weld, fails after minimal elongation, and is sensitive to heat treatments, but, on the bright side, it is the cheapest form of high-carbon steel.

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Steel composition percentagechart

High-carbon steel comes in quite a few forms, each of which could have a different microstructure and characteristics that would make it better for a certain application than another. They do, however, have a very similar chemical composition. The most common high-carbon steel forms are described below.

Also known as carbon tool steel, or M2, high-carbon steel refers to any steel with a carbon content of over 0.6%. Any lower than that, then it falls into the medium- or low-carbon category. If it’s higher than 1.0%, it belongs to the ultra-high-carbon steel group. This type of steel has a very simple composition: in addition to the 0.60–1.00% carbon, it’s made up of just 98.1–99.1% iron, and 0.30–0.90% manganese.

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Carbon steel is commonly used to make a wide variety of appliances, toys, tools (i.e. knives, swords, shears, etc.), gear wheels, chains, and hardware like nails, fasteners, drill bits, and springs (pictured below).

Tempered: Tempering involves reheating the steel to just below its eutectoid point, allowing the carbon to dissolve in the lattice structure, and then quenching it to trap the carbon. Its altered crystal lattice, martensite, makes the steel stronger and harder, which is why you’ll find tempered steel in a lot of construction equipment and tools.

Cold-rolled: This form of steel, although less ductile than hot-rolled, is harder with a better surface finish, and more dimensional accuracy. In the cold rolling process, which is done at room temperature, the metal’s grains are elongated to strain-harden the material. Stressing and relieving the steel before use is a must otherwise it could warp. This type is used a lot to make electric motors, water heaters, frying pans, and pressure vessels.

Chemicalcompositionofsteelgrades

We hope you found our article helpful in learning all about high-carbon steel and how it can be used, but for any more information or relevant services, please reach out to one of our representatives. You can also head on over to the Xometry Instant Quoting Engine® for a free, no-obligation quote on dozens of materials.

There are many different grades of high-carbon steel which differ mainly in their carbon content, and the names of these steels can be different in various countries. We list some of the equivalent names, using the 1060 grade as an example.

Stainlesssteel composition percentage

Spring steel: This type has a carbon content of 0.6–1.0%, and it sometimes has varying amounts of other alloying elements. Most importantly, spring steel has silicon which gives it a high yield strength, and makes it flexible—hence the bouncy name.

It will come as no surprise that there’s a lot of carbon in high-carbon steel, and it’s exactly that which makes this metal extra strong, hard, brittle, and wear- and corrosion-resistant. It’s not likely to break under pressure, and is considered great value for money. Let’s look at what this steel type is, how it’s made, what its properties are, and how else it is used in industry by many Xometry customers and other designers and engineers.

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