Ever take a look at the potting soil in your container plants and think those little white specks are styrofoam? If so, you’re not alone. Although extremely similar in appearance (and “clinginess”) to styrofoam, those little white balls in your potting mix really aren’t styrofoam after all. They are actually little bits of expanded rock called perlite and have a very valuable place in gardening and horticulture.

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Perlite is a valuable product in gardening and commercial horticulture. Expanded perlite is extremely lightweight and porous increasing the drainage capacity and allowing improved aeration in the root system when it is utilized. It can be used as a standalone growing media for starting seeds, rooting cuttings, or in hydroponic systems; it can be mixed with other ingredients to create soilless potting mixes; it can be used as a soil amendment in the garden.

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Moisture-loving herbs such as basil, parsley, and coriander would grow better in a media other than perlite, one that holds onto more water.

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Samar, M., & Saxena, D.S. (2016). Study of chemical and physical properties of perlite and its application in India. International Journal Of Science Technology & Management, 5(4), 70-80. Retrieved from http://ijstm.com/images/short_pdf/1460020555_434V.pdf ↩︎

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I’ve talked about how perlite is useful for starting seeds, and rooting propagated cuttings because of its sterile nature and ability to drain excess water quickly. All herbs can be started using perlite as the sole growing media. When it’s time to pot up plants into containers while some herbs will thrive growing in only perlite, some herbs prefer other types of growing media.

Yes, most of us are familiar with perlite because of its uses in gardening, but it actually plays important roles in other industries because of its lightweight nature and other advantageous properties.

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The biggest difference between the two products is that perlite helps increase the drainage, while vermiculite increases water retention by absorbing water in its plate-like structure. Use perlite when you are growing plants that benefit from the growing media drying out completely between waterings (succulents, orchids); use vermiculite when you are growing plants that prefer to be kept moist such as tropical plants.

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When you look at a bag of commercial potting mix you quickly notice the little white specks of perlite and the little gold pieces that almost resemble teeny tiny blocks consisting of plates or layers of material. These gold pieces are vermiculite, another very important product in gardening. Gardeners often think the two are interchangeable but that isn’t the case.

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The resulting expanded perlite is a lightweight material full of tiny little air pockets; it is clean, sterile, and resists compaction. The pockets on the outside absorb water, blocking moisture from entering into the center of the perlite pieces.

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A natural volcanic glass, perlite is typically made from the hydration of obsidian. The chemical made up is seventy to seventy-five percent silica or silicon dioxide; the remaining twenty to twenty-five percent is a mix of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), oxides of sodium, potassium, iron, magnesium, and calcium, and moisture.[1]

It’s commonly asked why perlite is so often used in gardening and if it is possible to replace perlite with other growing media products. The simple answer is that perlite is used often because of its low cost and extensive advantages. Also, there are common misconceptions about replacement products such as vermiculite or diatomaceous earth. These products are more complementary to perlite than useful as alternatives.

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With an M.Sc. degree in agronomy and over a decade of experience gardening, Amanda combines her plant knowledge and knack for writing to share what she knows and loves.

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As with so many other products, perlite has both its advantages and disadvantages as a growing media. In this case, the advantages far outweigh the downfalls boosting its popularity in the horticulture industry.

To create the perlite we are familiar with, the gray to black obsidian rock is mined, crushed into smaller fragments, and then heated to very high temperatures. Once temperatures reach 850-900 ℃ the perlite becomes soft. Water trapped inside the rock vaporizes and tries to escape, expanding the rock to more than 10 times its original volume and changing the color or perlite to white. An extremely similar process to making popcorn.

After heating and expansion, horticultural perlite is separated into four different grades based upon the particle size: super coarse, coarse, medium, and fine grade.

Diatomaceous earth, or DE, is a naturally occurring, soft, siliceous sedimentary rock. It is another additive gardeners keep in their arsenal but it shouldn’t be used as a replacement for perlite for a few reasons.

Vermiculite also comes from rock, and expands like perlite, but has a higher expanding potential. When heated it expands into an accordion-like shape composed of many, many layers of thin plates. It has a pH close to 7.0 but it fosters alkaline reactions because of carbonate compounds, so it has the tendency to slightly raise the pH in the root zone.