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I have to say, those bits in the book are hard to read… and the fact that you had two more attempts. Trepanning: It’s not for everyone, is it?Well, I think it should be for everyone. The simplest thing is this: The human being needs more blood in its brain. And this isn’t a great high; it’s just restoring you to that youthful level of vitality. This vitality that you lose when you hit adulthood. But it could just be done with an injection at birth. You could inject the cells round the fontanelle so it never seals. It would be very simple.

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Milling is one of the most common machining operations for a reason. The ability to shape workpieces into the desired form with high tolerances and great repeatability makes it an ideal process for many applications.

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Can you tell me about meeting Bart Huges, the Dutchman who introduced you to both LSD and the concept of trepanation?I was in Ibiza in ’65 and everyone on the scene was talking about acid, but only a few had taken it. I overheard two guys talking about “the future for acid.” It turned out that one of them was Bart. I’d heard about this guy who had drilled a hole in his own head, and I thought, ‘Well, he must be a nutcase!’ It turned out he was just on his way back to Amsterdam, where he had made some acid. He and his friend started off synthesizing mescaline and then moved on to LSD… and it was really good acid.

I’m not a particularly squeamish person, but I did find parts of the book difficult to read. Do you understand the revulsion or discomfort the subject can cause in some people?Yeah, of course I do. It’s very understandable. When I first heard about it I thought, This is ridiculous! And the idea that someone would do it to himself or herself was absurd. But you get used to ideas eventually, don’t you?

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The difference between an autobiography and a memoir is that the former is the story of someone’s life, whereas the latter just deals with one specific aspect of his or her history. What memoirs tend to do, in the broadest sense, is to describe a journey. And Joe’s journey didn’t begin with his first spliff or tab of acid, but with him throwing off the square life that his establishment parents had planned out for him. He has a clear, traditionally British accent, which isn’t surprising given both his upbringing and education (he went to both Eton and Oxford). He had a glittering future in his father’s firm of stockbrokers all lined up. In fact, he was just a few weeks away from his final post-graduate accountancy exams when he decided to jack it all in. (No doubt helped by the fact that he had just read Aldous Huxley for the first time and In Search of the Miraculous by PD Ouspensky.)

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The next day I went back round to see Bart, and he gave me a type-written page that was an open letter to a professor of psychiatry in Amsterdam. This scientist had asked Bart to be his assistant before he started taking acid and talking about it in public. In the open letter, he described the mechanism that he had discovered. Basically, it said acid was a vasoconstrictor; the scientist had been carrying out experiments into how acid could be used to slow down bleeding during childbirth, as well as a treatment for respiratory complaints and problems with blood circulation, but he hadn’t made any connection to the idea of LSD and expanded consciousness. But this scientist wasn’t a genius. He was a good chemist. Bart was a genius. He had a very good memory for everything he had ever learned.

Was it the full works? Time distortion, hallucinations… Well, this is the beauty of it. If you don’t take the sugar you’ll certainly get hallucinations, and you can let it go as far as you want and then take the sugar and bring it back. The funny thing was, I thought I was hallucinating when I got back to my apartment. It looked like the pipes had sprung a leak and like my bedroom was flooded, but I thought I was tripping. Of course, when I woke up the next day, the bedroom was knee-deep in water, and it was real, so I hadn’t been hallucinating at all.

In my little book, Bore Hole, there is a big idea, and the big idea is that humans have a problem. The problem is the sealing of the skull, which happens when we are fully grown [between 18 and 21]. Before that, the skull is in separate plates and there is some give. Think of the brain as a pudding: It can expand and pulsate, but once the skull has completely sealed ’round it, it can no longer do that. The pulsation is suppressed and the blood passes through without pulsating. And this is why all of us want to get high. We want to get back to that youthful state of being where we have more spontaneity and more creativity and more life. This is what we miss. It’s paradise lost.

What is climb milling, aka down milling? Climb milling is very similar to conventional milling with the only real difference being the rotation of the cutting edge relative to the workpiece. While the cutting tool rotates “up” in conventional milling, in climb milling the cutting edge rotates “down” resulting in the cutting tool climbing or pulling into the workpiece. Essentially, in climb milling, the direction of the cut and the direction of the cutting tool’s rotation are the same, and they work in conjunction to suck the mill up and over, away from the work piece, resulting in a better finish and requiring less energy. On some machines, like a gantry router, the spindle moves, so the labels would reverse. G-Wizard now reminds you with a little hint which one you should use.

Conventional and climb milling are both great options for machining, but how do you know which process to use for your project? The material being machined and the desired surface quality are key factors for determining the optimal process.

Climbmilling is also known as

Joe Mellen is a well-preserved 76-year-old man, and—just in case you were wondering—seems much sharper and more intelligent than the majority of people I meet on a daily basis, regardless of their age or their proclivity for LSD. I’m not particularly looking for it, but I do notice a large, finger-tip sized indentation on the top of his head after we’ve been speaking for about an hour. He later reveals that this is the site of an earlier, only partially successful attempt to trepan with a hand tool. The location of his successful trepanation, carried out with an electric drill in 1970, just a few weeks before he wrote his book, is actually at the top of his forehead in a “third eye” brow chakra position. It is, however, completely unnoticeable, and he has to press it with a finger for me to see where it is.

The rotation of the cutting tool relative to the workpiece causes chips to be ejected in the same direction as the tool is moving. Many of these chips will get recut as the tool passes over them again, which reduces the surface quality of the finished part and wears tools out faster.

Milling machines are highly accurate, capable of achieving precision within a few thousandths of an inch. However, the accuracy of a milling machine depends on various factors such as machine quality, operator skill, and tooling. Regular maintenance and calibration can also help ensure optimal accuracy.

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Conventional, or up milling also requires higher clamping forces. The cutting tool naturally wants to pull the workpiece up and away from the machine table as chips are removed. For machines prone to backlash or for materials that commonly tear or chatter, the pros of conventional milling often outweigh the cons, including the need for an extra spring cut. Manual machines will almost always use conventional milling processes.

Because climb milling can improve the surface finish of many parts, it is often used as a final pass. Conventional milling does the bulk of material removal with climb milling used at the end to get the final dimension with a superior surface quality. Aerospace parts, even for harder materials like titanium, often have a final climb milling process pass, which can be counterintuitive for a lot of machinists who were trained for most of their careers. The consensus over at Practical Machinist supports this approach as well, especially in thin wall work where the walls are weak and the tool diameter and stickout result in small enough deflection for your finish pass.

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Knowing the differences between these two main types of milling, conventional cutting and climb milling, help you make the best selection when deciding how a part should be milled. The workpiece’s material properties and the desired surface finish of the part have a big impact on how well each process will work, but both are useful tools for machining many different kinds of parts. Tool deflection affecting cutting accuracy is a major difference between these two milling methods, as the conventional mill finish pass would make the workpiece more accurate with little tendency for deflection. The following illustration contains small arrows (often called vectors) showing the direction of tool deflection as the cutter moves along the toolpath:. The arrows show where the cutting force is attempting to deflect the cutter in a climb cut, so it is important to avoid too much depth of cut when climb milling to create less kind of deflection.

I’ve got a mate who wants to get it done—what should he do?I wish I knew. I heard there’s a guy doing it in Mexico for $2,000, and you can get it done in Ecuador and Egypt. There are doctors who will take your money. But we’re talking a lot of money here. Bart always thought there should be an automat, a little booth where you go and put your penny in the slot.

Climbcut circular saw

The change in rotation has other benefits, too. Since chips are ejected away from the cutting tool’s path of motion, the chance of recutting is greatly reduced. The cutting angle also helps push the workpiece into the table, which reduces the clamping requirements.

People get obsessed with the word chains they use for their identity, and it may be that these word chains identify people as a Christian, a Muslim, or a Jew, or whatever. So your particular word chains become very important to you, obviously. And you can resist or even attack other people who have different ideas, whereas there is actually enough room for everyone to have plenty of ideas. This is the beauty of getting high. When you get high you transcend the ego, you get above the ego. When you are high, you can see people operating on this level, and you can see where you have been operating on this level also. You are given an objective view, as opposed to a subjective view. And that is the great beauty and great value of getting high. I think everyone should get high, and I think that Vladimir Putin should drop acid.

Climbmilling vs conventional

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He asked if I wanted to try some, and when I went over to his apartment he had a big brown paper bag with sugar lumps, and another containing lemons. He told me that I should dip the sugar cube in lemon juice and take them together. The trip was really wonderful.

Pro-Tip: To reduce the likelihood of backlash, reduce the cutting force by reducing tooling size, cut depth, feed height, and spindle speed.

If people are going to do it themselves, what do you advise?I don’t advise people to do it themselves. I really don’t. I had lessons from Bart, and I’m not going to tell other people to do it to themselves. Really, there needs to be some sort of legal and social change in this country for it to happen. I just wish that someone would do some research into drugs that get you high and their properties as vasoconstrictors.

Can you tell me about your third, successful attempt to trepan?Yes. This was in 1970. I injected a local anesthetic into the skin, muscle, and membrane above the skull. I ended up with what looked like a pigeon’s egg, quite a little lump. I cut through that with a scalpel. The local anesthetic has a lot of adrenaline in it, which is a vasoconstrictor, so minimizes the bleeding. I wasn’t high this time. With the hand trepan it took a lot of muscle, but the final time I was using an electric drill with a 6mm bit and that was a lot more straightforward. Unfortunately, the drill cable broke, so I had to stop, wrap a towel around my head, and take the drill to Mr. Lea, a man who had a flat in the basement of my building. He was brilliant—he could fix anything. He didn’t ask me what I was doing. So he repaired the drill and then I got back on with it. It’s really obvious when you get all the way through the skull. Quite a lot of blood comes out, and the drill bit goes in by an inch. I bandaged it all up. It took two or three days for the skin to heal over the hole. I didn’t need any analgesia, and there were no complications; I was very, very careful to sterilize everything. The main danger is infection. I didn’t even get a headache. It took half an hour all in all, including clearing up afterwards.

Climb cuttingon a router table

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When did you try for the second time?Maybe a year later, and I used the same method with the hand trepan. I did remove some skull, but I was unsure as to whether it had gone all the way through or not, as it had gone in at an angle. At first, I thought I’d gone through as there was kind of a “schlurping” sound as I took the trepan out and what sounded like bubbles. I think I went through a tiny bit, but I don’t think it was enough.

As far as opening lines to memoirs go, they don’t come much more compelling than the first sentence in Joe Mellen’s 1970 book, Bore Hole. It tells the story of how he dropped out of the square life in 1963 to become a beatnik—how he took acid in Spain during the psychedelic 60s, before looking for a more profound way to permanently alter his consciousness: auto-trepanation, the act of drilling a hole into your skull.

The aggressive entry angle of the cutting tool is great for material removal rates, but can also result in a great deal of backlash, or chatter. Conventional milling was often used to reduce the likelihood of backlash and chatter, but with many modern machines using backlash eliminators, backlash in climb milling less of a concern, but it can still greatly affect surface quality if not taken into account.

Variations in how the cutting tool moves over the workpiece results in different surface finishes, cutting styles, and machine requirements. Certain components benefit from specific CNC machines, for example Swiss machines are excellent at producing small parts with tight tolerances. Fictiv offers many different CNC options to produce even the most complex parts at ridiculous speeds.

The same forces that help to reduce clamping requirements can have a negative impact as well. Because the tool is climbing, or pulling into the workpiece, it can be much easier for the tool to pull too far and remove too much material. Because the tool and the workpiece are moving in the same direction, the process is also harder to control, though with modern machine tools and CNC controls, many of these problematic aspects are compensated for.Download our DFM for CNC machining checklist for tips that’ll help ensure your part is well-designed for machining the first time:

I was feeling great because I’d done it, but then I noticed after about an hour I started to feel a lightness, like a weight had been lifted off me. And then it grew a bit more and a bit more and it ended up being more than I expected. I did it in the evening and went to bed at 11 PM feeling good, and I could still feel it when I woke up the next morning. And then I realized, This is it. It’s done.

VICE: Were you part of the beatnik generation?Joe Mellen: Yes, that’s what it was pre-acid. But then, during the mid-60s, one began to hear about acid. In ’64 I was staying in Torremolinos in Spain. There was a small clique of dope smokers there who listened to jazz. I met this guy Allan Cisco who had been turned on to mescaline by Timothy Leary in Acapulco. He told me about tripping on the beach and wrestling with an octopus in the waves. He had two trips left—and they were big trips, 850mg each. I took one and had this incredible trip. I thought it was amazing, like heaven on earth.

Climbvs conventional milling surface finish

Nick Ysidron Nick is a mechanical engineer working in the HVAC and IoT space. When he isn’t designing new tech to make our lives more connected and improving the air we breathe, he enjoys spending time with his wife Bridget and son James. He holds Bachelor’s degrees in Mechanical Engineering and Spanish from Louisiana State University. His hobbies include anything outdoors, 3D printing, playing with his son, and reading as often as he can.

Climbmilling

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Climbmilling diagram

While this on its own was enough to guarantee Bore Hole cult status, Mellen—who has a fantastically readable and easy style—also managed to capture something of the spirit of the true countercultural 1960s in his writing. This would go some way to explaining why the 500 copies of the book that he originally self-published have long since become sought after artifacts from a vanished age. Bore Hole has been given a luxurious reissue by Strange Attractor, and it has been doubled in length, bringing Mellen’s story up to date and making the case for trepanation in the 21st century. The book is also a persuasive attempt to answer a very fundamental question about human nature: Why do we love getting high so much?

In climb milling, the cutter rotates against the direction of feed, which results in the tool “climbing” into the workpiece. This technique offers advantages such as reduced tool wear, smoother surface finish, and less chance of workpiece lifting. However, it requires careful consideration of factors like backlash and control.

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Tell me about your first attempt. I was living back in London, and it was 1967. At that time, I was broke, and I certainly couldn’t afford an electric drill, so I bought a hand trepan from a surgical instrument shop. It’s a bit like a corkscrew, really, but with a ring of teeth at the bottom. It has a point in the middle, which makes an impression on the skull, and then you turn it until the teeth cut into the skull. It’s slightly narrower at the bottom than it is at the top, so it pulls the circular piece of skull out once you’re through with it when you pull it out. It was difficult. It was like trying to uncork a bottle of wine from the inside. The trepan was blunt, and I couldn’t get any purchase on my own skull. I was tripping on acid. I thought that it was the only way I could get through doing it, but it didn’t work…

CNC milling is one of the most common machining processes used to manufacture complex parts. When milling a part, one of the first questions a machinist must ask is whether to use conventional or climb milling on that part. While climb and conventional milling are relatively similar, the key difference is in the rotation of the cutting tool in relation to the movement of the workpiece. While this may seem like a small change, it can have a big impact on the part being machined. Common wisdom is that CNC’ers are always Climb Milling and manual machinists are always Conventional Milling. It’s probably true that manual machinists should stick to Conventional Milling as their preferred way of milling because the backlash of their machines makes it dangerous to Climb Mill. However, with advancements in technology and the use of lead screws, Climb Milling has become a viable option for CNC milling machines as well. Read on to learn more about each type of CNC milling, as well as the use cases for each, including the production of a rough surface.

Soft materials like aluminum work well with climb milling. While most materials work well with conventional milling, here are some that do well with climb milling:

Where does taking sugar lumps come into this?Consciousness is a product of brain metabolism, which is the oxidation of glucose. Glucose is the only source of energy for the brain. That is the only way the brain works: by burning glucose. So as the oxidation of glucose increases, more and more cells reach that level of consciousness. So suddenly your consciousness is expanded.

What are the benefits of getting high?The ego is a mechanism for directing the blood in the brain where it’s needed. It constricts the arteries in some parts to increase the blood flow to other parts. But the part of the brain that dominates everything is the speech system. We depend on the speech system for survival and it dominates brain activity. It does this by monopolizing the supply of blood. The speech centers—which deal with talking, writing, reading, and listening—were the last to develop in our evolution, and they’re in the cerebral cortex, far away from the heart. To ensure constant blood supply to the speech centers, the ego represses function in other parts of the brain.

For all your CNC machining (conventional, climb, or otherwise) and finishing needs, Fictiv has you covered. We’re experts at producing custom CNC machined tight tolerance parts, in a variety of materials, and we simplify custom part sourcing with intelligent, streamlined, automated workflows. Fictiv is your operating system for custom manufacturing that makes part procurement faster, easier, and more efficient.

Conventional CNC milling or conventional milling requires the cutting tool’s rotation to be opposite the direction of the feed, which is considered to be fighting the feed. This process is also called up milling because the cutting tool starts at the base of the cut and pulls up through the workpiece. Most often, manual CNC milling is accomplished via conventional milling.

This brings me onto trepanation. So there is a historical and a pre-historical precedent for drilling a hole in your head, isn’t there?Yes. It’s the oldest operation in the world, and it has been done on every continent. They found trepanned skulls in Inca tombs in Peru: 14 skulls all in a row with trepanation holes. This was probably part of the initiation into a priest caste. I suppose the most obvious reason for doing it was to help people who suffered from head wounds. In battle, a warrior could get an axe wound to the head, which in turn could lead to splinters of bone pressing down onto the brain. So you would want to remove the piece of bone. But today trepanation is still used in Kenya. The Gusii and Kuria tribes do it with very primitive instruments. It’s a very simple procedure. In surgery, it would be carried out by the nurse, not the surgeon.

Conventional milling, on the other hand, involves rotating the cutter in the same direction as the feed. This technique is more commonly used when working with older machines or materials that are prone to chipping

With less accurate and less powerful CNC machines, conventional milling still results in high-quality parts. Due to the direction of the rotation of the cutting edge, the tool is less likely to pull into the workpiece which keeps the accuracy high and prevents errors.

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Climb cuttingvs conventional

Pro-Tip: Climb milling is the better choice when cutting less than half the cutter tool’s diameter. For cutting more than 75% of the cutter tool’s diameter, use conventional milling due to the potential for negative rake.

To machine a component with a CNC mill, the workpiece must first be clamped down (aka fixtured) in the machine. Once fixtured, the cutting tool removes material from the workpiece with each pass. CNC milling machines either involve a moving tool impacting a stationary part or a stationary tool impacting a moving part. Regardless, the material removal is accomplished when the cutting tool rotates rapidly to remove chips of material and shape the workpiece into the desired part.

While conventional milling has many benefits, it has its share of downsides as well. Some of the cons to using conventional milling include:

Hard materials like cast iron and hot rolled steel are typically better machined using conventional milling processes, while some softer variations of steel respond better to climb milling. Conventional milling should be used with materials that are prone to chatter or tearing. Climb milling is great for workpieces that have a tendency to lift since the forces push the workpiece into the table.

The tool enters the workpiece much more aggressively since it comes in from the top with climb cutting milling. As the cutting tool rotates, it takes a large chunk of material with it. The chip width decreases as the tool rotates until the cutting tool exits at a gentle angle. This gentle exit angle results in superior surface quality over conventional milling techniques.

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One of the reasons this type of machining is the traditional approach is because of its many advantages. Some of the advantages of conventional CNC milling are:

No new equipment is needed to do climb milling. The machinist simply has to change the feed direction for the workpiece. Although the change may seem small, climb milling can have a big impact on the quality of the finished part.

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CNC milling is a subtractive machining process whereby a rotating cutting tool is used to remove material from a workpiece. Milling allows for complex geometries with high repeatability and is a crucial process for making many parts. With 3, 4, 5, and even 6-axis CNC mills, part geometries can have many different features and components while still being highly repeatable. Complexity is no problem with today’s sophisticated CNC machinery.