Power-Carving Bits - carving burrs wood

2024-09-09 05:07:46

The chemical element nickel is a transition metal, meaning that it is malleable, ductile, and conductive of heat and electricity. All atoms of nickel ...

Great in Heavy Radial Efficiency Milling (HREM) applications of Titanium 6Al4V and other titanium alloys, these fully stocked, square profile Variable Helix End Mills decrease chatter and harmonics.

From Wikipedia, The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states: no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40%; or the specified maximum for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65%; silicon 0.60%; copper 0.60%.

When it comes to multi-variate queries like Justins it’s annoying that the art of making nomograms seems to have been largely lost.

Unfortunately there is no audio, and the spindle speed is not declared [so we’re guessing] but it seems to ride rough-shod over the dogma regarding Tungsten Carbide tools.

Search for: Home › Forums › Beginners questions › Topics Viewing 25 topics - 1 through 25 (of 25 total) Topic Voices Posts Last Post Creworks Lathes on Amazon UK – some big price drops for Black Friday Week Started by: Lee Cooper in: Manual machine tools 8 12 24 November 2024 at 19:51 Lee Cooper Thread pitch of screws used on Stihl equipment Started by: Bill Phinn in: Workshop Tools and Tooling 1 1 24 November 2024 at 19:44 Bill Phinn What is (Traditional) Model Engineering? 1 2 Started by: Martin Kyte in: General Questions 23 43 24 November 2024 at 19:40 bernard towers Strange drilling situation Started by: gerry madden in: Workshop Techniques 14 16 24 November 2024 at 19:33 gerry madden FreeCAD version 1.0 released Started by: Russell Eberhardt in: CAD – Technical drawing & design 9 18 24 November 2024 at 19:21 Andy Stopford EN8M FLAT Started by: Dougie Swan in: Materials 3 5 24 November 2024 at 19:00 JasonB modifying Schaublin collets 1 2 Started by: Ken Weeks in: General Questions 14 26 24 November 2024 at 18:10 vic newey A blast from the past Started by: Michael Gilligan in: The Tea Room 13 18 24 November 2024 at 17:43 Nigel Graham 2 What did you do Today 2024 1 2 … 18 19 Started by: JasonB in: The Tea Room 68 475 24 November 2024 at 17:02 Dalboy Traction Engine Identification Help Please…. Started by: Bill Morgan in: Traction engines 8 11 24 November 2024 at 16:07 Dave Halford Subscription via pocketmags Started by: chris hammerton in: Subscription issues and Digital magazines 2 2 24 November 2024 at 15:56 Michael Callaghan Choosing a suitable fine point capacitive phone stylus Started by: Greensands in: The Tea Room 5 6 24 November 2024 at 12:50 Weary Co-ordinate positioning for circle of holes (not all equally spaced) Started by: Zebethyal in: Help and Assistance! (Offered or Wanted) 7 17 24 November 2024 at 12:49 John Haine Bronze Started by: Garry Coles in: Materials 6 6 24 November 2024 at 12:25 Mick Bailey Westbury Cam Turning Jig Started by: Clive Brown 1 in: I/C Engines 5 7 24 November 2024 at 10:56 Graham Meek ML10 questions Started by: 1957jmh in: Beginners questions 15 25 24 November 2024 at 10:34 Howard Lewis chenery 9 cylinder gnome Started by: charlie9cyl in: I/C Engines 7 10 24 November 2024 at 10:02 noel shelley Measurement history Started by: JohnF in: The Tea Room 6 12 24 November 2024 at 09:39 JohnF maid of kent valva gear Started by: wireman in: Introduce Yourself – New members start here! 2 2 23 November 2024 at 22:13 Nigel Graham 2 Colchester/Harrison VS Lathe Started by: Brad White in: Workshop Tools and Tooling 1 1 23 November 2024 at 17:27 Brad White A couple of ‘soon to be available in the UK’ lathes that look interesting 1 2 Started by: Lee Cooper in: Manual machine tools 11 32 23 November 2024 at 16:50 Michael Gilligan Twin mill engine progress Started by: AStroud in: Work In Progress and completed items 3 4 23 November 2024 at 16:19 AStroud BLACKMAIL Started by: Howard Lewis in: The Tea Room 11 18 23 November 2024 at 15:36 Michael Gilligan 775 Motor based Dynamo ? Started by: JasonB in: Miscellaneous models 5 9 23 November 2024 at 14:58 duncan webster 1 Lathe vibration in workshop 1 2 Started by: Mark Salzedo 1 in: General Questions 19 37 23 November 2024 at 14:32 Howard Lewis Viewing 25 topics - 1 through 25 (of 25 total)

is the cutting speed the (m/min) the relation between the cutter and the workpiece ?would using a 10mm dia mill be the same speed as cutting a 10mm bar spinning in the lathe.

We offer a comprehensive selection of more than 28,000 miniature and specialty cutting tools that are all fully stocked. The breadth and depth of our products help solve the industry’s toughest machining challenges.

General advice and following rules of thumb just doesn’t easily generate this overview. Which can be limiting when it comes to how you work. Especially should you need to go “off-piste”.

New to Harvey Tool, Machining Advisor Pro (MAP) is a cutting edge resource for generating customized running parameters for Harvey Tool end mills.

Composition: An advanced sialon ceramic grade. ... of gray cast iron, including through scale. KYK25. Composition: Pure silicon nitride ceramic with an alumina ...

Since steel is already an alloy I suggest that all this talk of plain carbon steel, alloy steel and non-alloy steel is the sort of talk that ends up muddying the waters of what people are talking about. We need better descriptions than those that are being used in this thread.

Ages ago I offered to write some articles for MEW on turning different metals with insert tooling and quantative surface roughness measurements. Maybe the idea should be resurrected.

Our fully stocked inventory is ready to ship the day of its purchase. We offer second day delivery at ground pricing, and any overnight orders ship until 7 p.m., EST.

Unfortunately there is no audio, and the spindle speed is not declared [so we’re guessing] but it seems to ride rough-shod over the dogma regarding Tungsten Carbide tools.

I know the internet is not a 100% reliable source of information but I just thought I would copy this from Wikipedia since it matches all other sources of information:

Cutting speeds for various metals/tools can be found in books and on the web, play safe and start with the slower option if using a belt or geared machine and see how it goes. Other factors will come into it such as depth of cut and feed rate eg with a deep cut you may find you get a better finish runnng on the slow side but light cuts will allow a bit above.

Harvey Tool is committed to designing unique geometries that optimize cutting performance for a variety of materials and applications. We introduce hundreds of new tools to the market every 6 months, offering our customers the solutions they need most.

Here are some cutting tools made from gauge plate and silver steel, aka carbon steel, and running on 20th century industrial machine tools. Here’s a home made cutter, mostly using a hacksaw and files, cutting slots in steel:

Although the metal is being sheared the process shown is more akin to skiving. The shape of the tool is less important, provided that a sharp edge with zero rake is present. I am pretty sure the tool material is tungsten carbide; the point of the video is that being harder the tungsten carbide will last longer.

Having set the rpm by formula and above, I take an experimental cut. It’s only the first step because a great deal depends on the exact material, and on the cutter, how rigid / powerful the machine is, how solid the work-holding, and whether coolant / lube is used. In practice, I rarely change the RPM, instead tuning for best finish and progress by altering the depth of cut and feed-rate for best results on my machine. If the machine has fixed speeds set to the nearest, and again tune by altering the depth of cut and feed-rate for best results.

Specializing in FBE (Fusion Bonded Epoxy) and specialty Liquid Coatings ... Abrasive Blasting; Post Weld Heat Treat Oven; FBE Lining/Coating; Internal ...

In general cutting speeds are not that critical. A caveat is that carbide inserts are more sensitive to cutting speeds and feedrates, especially with the more esoteric materials. Depth of cut and feedrate are as important, if not more so, that cutting speed. If the cutting tool is fed too slowly, so it rubs rather than cuts, then it doesn’t really matter what the speed is. The result will be the same; a fudged cutting tool.

Sorry SOD, your definition disagrees with that used by that used by legions of engineers. Referring to Silver Steel, Tubal Cain (page 25 of Hardening, Tempering & Heat Treatment) says ‘these steels are carbon steels with additives to improve performance’. …

Perhaps the confusion arises because two different approaches are used to classify steels. Hence what British buyers call EN1B-Leaded, will actually be 9SMnPb28, 9SMnPb36, 11SMnPb30 or 11SMnPb37. One approach categorizes steel by Usage & Mechanical Properties, the other by Chemical Composition. Not making it up, I am quoting the official chemical definition of Carbon Steel.

Edit:and to add to the mystery, they state ‘Tungsten Carbide’ … but might they actually be ‘Carbide Steel’ [whatever that is] ?

For a hobby time is not money so no need to be in a tearing hurry, though going too slow can also be a problem as with pushing a wagon you want to keep up the momentum and stiction can be a problem leading to jerky movement and cause of chatter.

Add products to your Harveytool.com shopping cart and then submit the cart to a participating distributor to place your order

HSS is not only tougher than Carbon Steel, but – most important – it resists softening up to about 500°C, making it much better suited to cutting metal without having to stop and resharpen frequently. When HSS was first introduced, the old boys weren’t keen to adopt such new-fangled rubbish, not least because HSS couldn’t perform on well on spindly Victorian lathes lacking in power and rigidity. They claimed Carbon Steel can be ground sharper than HSS, which might be true, but that didn’t stop a suitably heavy machine fitted with HSS being 5 or 6 times more productive than carbon-steel cutters.

Add products to your Harveytool.com shopping cart and then submit the cart to a participating distributor to place your order

… in the ’30s, it became apparent that the industry’s technical terminology had become chaotic. The Institute came to grips with the problem, and out of its efforts came the AISI steel products manuals. They provided makers and users of steel with generally recognized definitions, descriptions and practices pertaining to the manufacture, chemistry, metallurgy and adaptability of steel products.

Hurrah, after all these years I’ve finally caught Andrew out! I’m not guilty because Gauge Plate and Silver Steel aren’t Carbon Steels!

For example Rimming Steel and Mild Steel both have the same range of Carbon content, so one might expect their performance to be identical, and they’re not! The difference is due to when the metal is extracted from the furnace. Rimming Steel, also called Effervescent Steel, is taken whilst still gassing. Too much gas would cause blow-holes and other problems, but just the right amount of fizz in the mix improves rolling properties, highly desirable in the right circumstances, but otherwise bad. Mild-steel is ‘Killed’, that is not taken from the furnace until gassing has stopped, producing a general-purpose steel, better in every way except for rolling. This sort of difference explains why machining random scrap in a home workshop can be a confusing disappointment. All smiles if by good luck the scrap is a free-cutting mild-steel, but tears before bedtime if it’s a lump of rimming steel, or work-hardening stainless, or any of the many other alloys used by industry that don’t machine well.

Victorian tool-steels were all Carbon Steels, the best available at the time because HSS, stainless and other alloy steels weren’t perfected until the 20th Century. Carbon tool-steels are still useful, but avoid for cutting metal. Their chief virtue is cheapness.

Carbon Steel – this being the more traditional type of tool HSS – as in High Speed Steel, Carbide – which I guess refers to Tungtan Carbide

1095 Knife Steel for one. But I admit many of the old favourites have gone, replaced by Alloy Steels because of their superior performance.

On a hobby machine, HSS keeps it simple. Many of the older classic machines don’t have enough RPM to get the best out of carbide, and even though most far eastern machines are faster, they too are on the slow side for carbide.

New to Harvey Tool, Machining Advisor Pro (MAP) is a cutting edge resource for generating customized running parameters for Harvey Tool end mills.

By Carbon Steel I mean the medium and high carbon steels used since the dawn of time to make chisels, knives, axes, springs, and files etc. In contrast Gauge Plate and Silver Steel are both modern alloys, the result of much metallurgical and scientific research in the last century.

A good approximation for cutting mild-steel with HSS is rpm = 10000 / diameter of job (or drill) in millimetres. This speed is also suitable for Bronze, Soft Cast Iron, and Copper.

The cutting advice in books and on the web is aimed at production engineers who must maximise efficiency. Production speeds are usually too fast and brutal for hobby and jobbing workshops.

Creworks Lathes on Amazon UK – some big price drops for Black Friday Week Thread pitch of screws used on Stihl equipment What is (Traditional) Model Engineering? Strange drilling situation FreeCAD version 1.0 released EN8M FLAT modifying Schaublin collets A blast from the past What did you do Today 2024 Traction Engine Identification Help Please….

Sometimes, if you just cannot get the tool to cut right, going one speed slower, or even faster, can cure the problem. A matter of harmonics on your particular machine – and the alignment of the planets.

By that definition, Silver Steel is not a Carbon Steel, because it contains Chromium. Ditto Drill Steel and Gauge Plate.

So cutting speed depends on the material and on what the cutter is made of. In a production setting, speed and efficiency very much favour carbide, run at high-speed, on a rigid powerful machine, and taking deep cuts with a high feed-rate. Carbide isn’t suitable for everything though, so HSS remains popular. HSS does a good job, but the cutting speed has to be reduced compared with carbide. Likewise, using Carbon Steel rather than HSS means cutting speed has to be drastically reduced again. A Carbon Steel cutter run at HSS speeds soon fails.

The great thing about a nomogram is that simply laying a ruler across the various scales and pivoting it about a chosen point on one scale clearly shows how things mutually change and interact. After trying this sort of thing on a few points you rapidly get a feel for whats going on and, possibly more important, whats important in particular case you are dealing with.

I’m surprised this is controversial, because, with all due respect to Tom Walshaw, the definition I quoted is that of the American Iron and Steel Institute. This is the crowd who:

Silver steel and gauge plate are high carbon steels and are described as such by commercial steel stockists. Silver steel in particular is stated to be a carbon steel.

Well, what I mean by Carbon Steel is sometimes called ‘Plain Carbon Steel’. They are allowed to contain Iron, Carbon, Silicon, Manganese, Phosphorous and Sulphur. Adding anything else, notably Vanadium, Chromium, Tungsten, Molybdenum, & Nickel means we are no longer dealing with a Carbon Steel, because these elements are added for a specific alloying effect. To add to the confusion, some of these alloys are called ‘Carbon Tool Steels’.

SoD: So is there a plain carbon steel readily available, with a high enough carbon content, for making cutting tools that are hardened and tempered in a similar fashion to silver steel and gauge plate?

ROI Flute Gel Leaf Patch. $12.00. Flute Thumbport II. $19.95. Flute Thumbport Balance Aid for Right Hand Thumb. $19.95. Flute Cushion. $16.50. Flute Gels. $ ...

Personal example here. I use one of the once common cardboard milling cutter speed-n-feed slide rules for my basic milling machine set-ups. Then tweak from experience. Which works adequately ‘cos I’ve been playing about with such things for “not admitting how many years” and run a Bridgeport which is large enough and heavy enough that I don’t have to worry about working around machine limitations in the manner that folk with more typical ME equipment do. The proper way to do things is to work things out from tooth load. Which I just don’t do, despite being easily capable of running the calculations in my head, because I’ve never bothered to learn how to visualise how tooth load actually fits int other great scheme of things. If I’d had a nomogram I’d have started out with tooth load and, probably, after the tenth cutter or so my visualisation would have been solid and I’d have been calculating things in my head pretty much automatically. Mr Osborns slide rule would have been a curiosity and the nomogram an almost never looked at wall poster in the same way as my lathe data. But I found a nomogram for later work very early on.

These pages may be of further interest, in that they highlight Carbon Steels of the same mix can have different properties.

I would not say avoid carbon steel. If you want to make a form tool, “D” bit, etc then you don’t really have much choice as HSS and carbide will be a lot more difficult to shape.

O1 Gauge Plate emphatically fails the AISI definition: it’s an Alloy Steel, containing specific proportions of Silicon, Manganese, Chromium, Tungsten, and Vanadium. Silver Steel is of similar composition, except no Vanadium, and perhaps some Sulphur and Phosphorous. Neither is a Carbon Steel.

is the cutting speed the (m/min) the relation between the cutter and the workpiece ?would using a 10mm dia mill be the same speed as cutting a 10mm bar spinning in the lathe.

Silver steel and gauge plate are high carbon steels and are described as such by commercial steel stockists. Silver steel in particular is stated to be a carbon steel.

The optimum cutting rate for a particular alloy depends on it’s internal structure, and massive amounts of information about that are available if need be. But, bearing in mind the limitations of my hobby equipment, I’ve not found it necessary to do more than apply the rule of thumb approach described above. The answer it produces is mostly ‘good enough’, and if it’s not, tweaking DOC and Feed-rate generally fix it. Occasionally, I fail to get a good finish from carbide, usually fixed by switching to HSS and slowing down, but some alloys are pigs!

Edit:and to add to the mystery, they state ‘Tungsten Carbide’ … but might they actually be ‘Carbide Steel’ [whatever that is] ?

Carbon steel is often divided into two main categories: low-carbon steel and high-carbon steel. It may also contain other elements, such as manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, which can affect its properties.

Bottom Chamfer Bevelling Router. From: £357.00. View Products. Electroplated Tiered Chamfer Tool – Positions 1, 2 & 3. £690.00. View Product.

Carbide was the next advance. It has a similar 5 to 6x advantage over HSS, basically because it can take a lot more heat without softening.

Model Engineer and Model Engineers' Workshop are leading magazines for modellers, with reputations for bringing you the best tips, tricks, and inspiration from the model engineering world. From miniature steam locomotives to clocks and tools, get the most out of your hobby with Model Engineer and Model Engineer's Workshop.

With carbide insert tooling, you can go twice as fast as with HSS. If chips are coming off blue but not sparking, you are doing well. But running that hot with with HSS will reduce tool cutting edge life.

I think for all of us except Dave who has been trying to dig himself out of a hole the term Carbon Steel has always been taken to include Silver Steel and Gauge plate.

As for silver steel, it is a carbon steel since it has the properties of carbon steel and not high speed steel (as far as I am concerned).

Home › Forums › Beginners questions › Cutting Speeds This topic has 28 replies, 13 voices, and was last updated 13 June 2024 at 11:14 by Anonymous. Viewing 25 posts - 1 through 25 (of 29 total) 1 2 → Author Posts 10 June 2024 at 14:36 #735239 Justin ThymeParticipant @justinthyme24678 Some very basic questions here. is the cutting speed the (m/min) the relation between the cutter and the workpiece ?would using a 10mm dia mill be the same speed as cutting a 10mm bar spinning in the lathe. I am thinking 3 types of tools here. Carbon Steel – this being the more traditional type of tool HSS – as in High Speed Steel, Carbide – which I guess refers to Tungtan Carbide I seem to find different recommendations for m/min – but how do you find the following speeds for cutting mild Steel Carbon Steel 20 m/min HSS 35 m/min Carbide 80m/min and for making the calculations, lets say 12mm HSS Mill cutting Mild Steel with a touch of Cutting Fluid RPM = (35 x 1000) / ( 12 *pi) = 928 RPM and if you had a machine with belts and pulleys where exaxt speed an not be set – do you go to next one up, next one down, or just the closest. Advert 10 June 2024 at 14:43 #735242 JasonBModerator @jasonb I just uploaded the first part of my article that appears in MEW340 to the site here which may help. Cutting speeds for various metals/tools can be found in books and on the web, play safe and start with the slower option if using a belt or geared machine and see how it goes. Other factors will come into it such as depth of cut and feed rate eg with a deep cut you may find you get a better finish runnng on the slow side but light cuts will allow a bit above. 10 June 2024 at 15:35 #735246 BazyleParticipant @bazyle For a hobby time is not money so no need to be in a tearing hurry, though going too slow can also be a problem as with pushing a wagon you want to keep up the momentum and stiction can be a problem leading to jerky movement and cause of chatter. Strictly according to theory the optimum speed is when the cut is progressing at the speed of sound in that material. This is what some of the tables and formulas are aiming at, and some are just folk law from years of trying things out. Going too fast can also create so much heat that the sharp tool loses temper and fails which is probably one of the commonest problems for amateurs. 10 June 2024 at 16:12 #735257 SillyOldDufferModerator @sillyoldduffer Avoid Carbon Steel on any machine tool made after about 1900. Although hard and easy to sharpen, it softens at remarkably low temperatures, about 200°C, and goes blunt in a blink when overheated. OK for cheap tools, especially DIY woodwork, but even for woodwork HSS tools are a better bet. HSS is not only tougher than Carbon Steel, but – most important – it resists softening up to about 500°C, making it much better suited to cutting metal without having to stop and resharpen frequently. When HSS was first introduced, the old boys weren’t keen to adopt such new-fangled rubbish, not least because HSS couldn’t perform on well on spindly Victorian lathes lacking in power and rigidity. They claimed Carbon Steel can be ground sharper than HSS, which might be true, but that didn’t stop a suitably heavy machine fitted with HSS being 5 or 6 times more productive than carbon-steel cutters. Carbide was the next advance. It has a similar 5 to 6x advantage over HSS, basically because it can take a lot more heat without softening. So cutting speed depends on the material and on what the cutter is made of. In a production setting, speed and efficiency very much favour carbide, run at high-speed, on a rigid powerful machine, and taking deep cuts with a high feed-rate. Carbide isn’t suitable for everything though, so HSS remains popular. HSS does a good job, but the cutting speed has to be reduced compared with carbide. Likewise, using Carbon Steel rather than HSS means cutting speed has to be drastically reduced again. A Carbon Steel cutter run at HSS speeds soon fails. On a hobby machine, HSS keeps it simple. Many of the older classic machines don’t have enough RPM to get the best out of carbide, and even though most far eastern machines are faster, they too are on the slow side for carbide. Duffer method, which gets me in the right ball-park, is roughly thus. A good approximation for cutting mild-steel with HSS is rpm = 10000 / diameter of job (or drill) in millimetres. This speed is also suitable for Bronze, Soft Cast Iron, and Copper. Aluminium Alloys cut 3x faster than mild-steel Brass and Free-cutting steel cut 2x faster than mild-steel Stainless, Cast and Silver steel cut ½ as fast as mild-steel Hard Cast Iron cut ⅓ as fast as mild-steel. Having set the rpm by formula and above, I take an experimental cut. It’s only the first step because a great deal depends on the exact material, and on the cutter, how rigid / powerful the machine is, how solid the work-holding, and whether coolant / lube is used. In practice, I rarely change the RPM, instead tuning for best finish and progress by altering the depth of cut and feed-rate for best results on my machine. If the machine has fixed speeds set to the nearest, and again tune by altering the depth of cut and feed-rate for best results. I mostly use carbide, in which case I do the sum above as if for HSS, then multiply the RPM by 2 or 3. The cutting advice in books and on the web is aimed at production engineers who must maximise efficiency. Production speeds are usually too fast and brutal for hobby and jobbing workshops. The optimum cutting rate for a particular alloy depends on it’s internal structure, and massive amounts of information about that are available if need be. But, bearing in mind the limitations of my hobby equipment, I’ve not found it necessary to do more than apply the rule of thumb approach described above. The answer it produces is mostly ‘good enough’, and if it’s not, tweaking DOC and Feed-rate generally fix it. Occasionally, I fail to get a good finish from carbide, usually fixed by switching to HSS and slowing down, but some alloys are pigs! Dave 10 June 2024 at 16:14 #735258 Clive FosterParticipant @clivefoster55965 When it comes to multi-variate queries like Justins it’s annoying that the art of making nomograms seems to have been largely lost. The great thing about a nomogram is that simply laying a ruler across the various scales and pivoting it about a chosen point on one scale clearly shows how things mutually change and interact. After trying this sort of thing on a few points you rapidly get a feel for whats going on and, possibly more important, whats important in particular case you are dealing with. General advice and following rules of thumb just doesn’t easily generate this overview. Which can be limiting when it comes to how you work. Especially should you need to go “off-piste”. Personal example here. I use one of the once common cardboard milling cutter speed-n-feed slide rules for my basic milling machine set-ups. Then tweak from experience. Which works adequately ‘cos I’ve been playing about with such things for “not admitting how many years” and run a Bridgeport which is large enough and heavy enough that I don’t have to worry about working around machine limitations in the manner that folk with more typical ME equipment do. The proper way to do things is to work things out from tooth load. Which I just don’t do, despite being easily capable of running the calculations in my head, because I’ve never bothered to learn how to visualise how tooth load actually fits int other great scheme of things. If I’d had a nomogram I’d have started out with tooth load and, probably, after the tenth cutter or so my visualisation would have been solid and I’d have been calculating things in my head pretty much automatically. Mr Osborns slide rule would have been a curiosity and the nomogram an almost never looked at wall poster in the same way as my lathe data. But I found a nomogram for later work very early on. It would seem trivial to generate a nomogram from a spreadsheet file but I’ve never found a suitable computer program. Clive 10 June 2024 at 18:27 #735292 JAParticipant @ja It should be remembered that quite a few things influence cutting speed such as time to do the job and lathe vibration. Really it is what you are happy with. This comes with experience and if you don’t like what is happening, first lower the cutting speed. There are some materials out there that no one will quote a cutting speed. The speed is found by doing trials. I very rarely work out turning or milling speeds. There are far more difficult things to consider such as how are you going to hold the work. JA 10 June 2024 at 19:00 #735294 JasonBModerator @jasonb On 10 June 2024 at 16:12 SillyOldDuffer Said: Avoid Carbon Steel on any machine tool made after about 1900. Although hard and easy to sharpen, it softens at remarkably low temperatures, about 200°C, and goes blunt in a blink when overheated. OK for cheap tools, especially DIY woodwork, but even for woodwork HSS tools are a better bet. I would not say avoid carbon steel. If you want to make a form tool, “D” bit, etc then you don’t really have much choice as HSS and carbide will be a lot more difficult to shape. 10 June 2024 at 20:12 #735296 Anonymous On 10 June 2024 at 16:12 SillyOldDuffer Said: Avoid Carbon Steel on any machine tool made after about 1900. Clang; that’s my jaw hitting the floor! Here are some cutting tools made from gauge plate and silver steel, aka carbon steel, and running on 20th century industrial machine tools. Here’s a home made cutter, mostly using a hacksaw and files, cutting slots in steel: A cutter made from gauge plate for cutting splines (actually the spaces) on a SG cast iron crankshaft: And a hob made from silver steel free hobbing a cast iron worm wheel: I use carbon steel, HSS and carbide as appropriate. In general cutting speeds are not that critical. A caveat is that carbide inserts are more sensitive to cutting speeds and feedrates, especially with the more esoteric materials. Depth of cut and feedrate are as important, if not more so, that cutting speed. If the cutting tool is fed too slowly, so it rubs rather than cuts, then it doesn’t really matter what the speed is. The result will be the same; a fudged cutting tool. As mentioned above the type of machine also plays an important part. Bigger, industrial, machines tend to be more rigid and can take heavier cuts, but experimentation is still needed. Andrew 10 June 2024 at 20:47 #735298 SillyOldDufferModerator @sillyoldduffer On 10 June 2024 at 20:12 Andrew Johnston Said: On 10 June 2024 at 16:12 SillyOldDuffer Said: Avoid Carbon Steel on any machine tool made after about 1900. Clang; that’s my jaw hitting the floor! Here are some cutting tools made from gauge plate and silver steel, aka carbon steel, … Hurrah, after all these years I’ve finally caught Andrew out! I’m not guilty because Gauge Plate and Silver Steel aren’t Carbon Steels! By Carbon Steel I mean the medium and high carbon steels used since the dawn of time to make chisels, knives, axes, springs, and files etc. In contrast Gauge Plate and Silver Steel are both modern alloys, the result of much metallurgical and scientific research in the last century. From Wikipedia, The definition of carbon steel from the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) states: no minimum content is specified or required for chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, niobium, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, zirconium, or any other element to be added to obtain a desired alloying effect; the specified minimum for copper does not exceed 0.40%; or the specified maximum for any of the following elements does not exceed the percentages noted: manganese 1.65%; silicon 0.60%; copper 0.60%. O1 Gauge Plate emphatically fails the AISI definition: it’s an Alloy Steel, containing specific proportions of Silicon, Manganese, Chromium, Tungsten, and Vanadium. Silver Steel is of similar composition, except no Vanadium, and perhaps some Sulphur and Phosphorous. Neither is a Carbon Steel. Victorian tool-steels were all Carbon Steels, the best available at the time because HSS, stainless and other alloy steels weren’t perfected until the 20th Century. Carbon tool-steels are still useful, but avoid for cutting metal. Their chief virtue is cheapness. Dave 10 June 2024 at 21:43 #735302 Anonymous Silver steel and gauge plate are high carbon steels and are described as such by commercial steel stockists. Silver steel in particular is stated to be a carbon steel. The way I read the quoted specification is that most elements (apart from iron and carbon) have no minimum requirement specified or required. That doesn’t mean the those elements must not be present. A maximum percentage is specfied for manganese, silicon and copper. Both silver steel and gauge plate do not list silicon and copper as present and the manganese percentage is well below the maximum figure listed. So in my book and, I think, the AISI they are carbon steels. I suspect that an alloy of only iron and carbon is unobtainable so it’s a moot point as to whether it should be avoided. Thwack; ball is now in SoD’s court! Andrew From the same Wikipedia page: Carbon steel is often divided into two main categories: low-carbon steel and high-carbon steel. It may also contain other elements, such as manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, which can affect its properties. 11 June 2024 at 01:22 #735311 HopperParticipant @hopper On 10 June 2024 at 14:36 Justin Thyme Said: Some very basic questions here. is the cutting speed the (m/min) the relation between the cutter and the workpiece ?would using a 10mm dia mill be the same speed as cutting a 10mm bar spinning in the lathe. Yes and yes. And re belt changes, yes go for the closest. Going a bit slower will reduce chatter and increase tool life. Going a bit faster may exacerbate these problems. With carbide insert tooling, you can go twice as fast as with HSS. If chips are coming off blue but not sparking, you are doing well. But running that hot with with HSS will reduce tool cutting edge life. Sometimes, if you just cannot get the tool to cut right, going one speed slower, or even faster, can cure the problem. A matter of harmonics on your particular machine – and the alignment of the planets. 11 June 2024 at 08:49 #735334 Michael GilliganParticipant @michaelgilligan61133 I’m in a disruptive mood this morning … so please have a look at the video linked from this page: https://www.eternaltools.com/carbide-gravers It’s only a couple of minutes Unfortunately there is no audio, and the spindle speed is not declared [so we’re guessing] but it seems to ride rough-shod over the dogma regarding Tungsten Carbide tools. Andrew can probably explain it nicely in terms of chip-load or somesuch. MichaelG. . Edit:and to add to the mystery, they state ‘Tungsten Carbide’ … but might they actually be ‘Carbide Steel’ [whatever that is] ? Ref. https://contenti.com/engraving-tools/gravers-n-handles/carbide-steel-gravers 11 June 2024 at 11:21 #735354 SillyOldDufferModerator @sillyoldduffer On 10 June 2024 at 21:43 Andrew Johnston Said: Silver steel and gauge plate are high carbon steels and are described as such by commercial steel stockists. Silver steel in particular is stated to be a carbon steel. The way I read the quoted specification is that most elements (apart from iron and carbon) have no minimum requirement specified or required. That doesn’t mean the those elements must not be present. A maximum percentage is specfied for manganese, silicon and copper. Both silver steel and gauge plate do not list silicon and copper as present and the manganese percentage is well below the maximum figure listed. So in my book and, I think, the AISI they are carbon steels. I suspect that an alloy of only iron and carbon is unobtainable so it’s a moot point as to whether it should be avoided. Thwack; ball is now in SoD’s court! Andrew From the same Wikipedia page: Carbon steel is often divided into two main categories: low-carbon steel and high-carbon steel. It may also contain other elements, such as manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, and silicon, which can affect its properties. Well, what I mean by Carbon Steel is sometimes called ‘Plain Carbon Steel’. They are allowed to contain Iron, Carbon, Silicon, Manganese, Phosphorous and Sulphur. Adding anything else, notably Vanadium, Chromium, Tungsten, Molybdenum, & Nickel means we are no longer dealing with a Carbon Steel, because these elements are added for a specific alloying effect. To add to the confusion, some of these alloys are called ‘Carbon Tool Steels’. By my definition EN8 is a Carbon Steel, but EN24 definitely isn’t because the latter is alloyed. Silver Steel is an alloy, not a plain carbon steel, because it contains Chromium. And the Chromium was specifically added with malice aforethought by a metallurgist in order to achieve a desirable property not available from a plain Carbon Steel. Next table indicates the properties of plain Carbon Steels: note they don’t contain any elements other that Iron, Carbon, Silicon, Manganese, Phosphorous and Sulphur. These pages may be of further interest, in that they highlight Carbon Steels of the same mix can have different properties. For example Rimming Steel and Mild Steel both have the same range of Carbon content, so one might expect their performance to be identical, and they’re not! The difference is due to when the metal is extracted from the furnace. Rimming Steel, also called Effervescent Steel, is taken whilst still gassing. Too much gas would cause blow-holes and other problems, but just the right amount of fizz in the mix improves rolling properties, highly desirable in the right circumstances, but otherwise bad. Mild-steel is ‘Killed’, that is not taken from the furnace until gassing has stopped, producing a general-purpose steel, better in every way except for rolling. This sort of difference explains why machining random scrap in a home workshop can be a confusing disappointment. All smiles if by good luck the scrap is a free-cutting mild-steel, but tears before bedtime if it’s a lump of rimming steel, or work-hardening stainless, or any of the many other alloys used by industry that don’t machine well. An unlucky collection of scrap metal nearly derailed by career as a Model Engineer. Try as I might, I couldn’t get my mini-lathe to turn any of it satisfactorily, chief symptoms being poor finish and tools struggling to cut, Finally suspecting the metal, I coughed up for some known free-cutting Aluminium, Brass and Mild-steel, after which all was sweetness and light. Now I’m more experienced, I can machine awkward metals if I have to, but results require much more experimentation with cutting speed and all the other contributory factors. It’s not a matter of simply dialling in an RPM formula, though RPM is a good place to start! Much easier to machine metals that are machinable, rather than to waste time hacking inappropriate scrap. Appropriate scrap is fine. Dave 11 June 2024 at 16:10 #735452 Antonny MayerParticipant @antonnymayer47546 On 11 June 2024 at 08:49 Michael Gilligan Said: I’m in a disruptive mood this morning … so please have a look at the video linked from this page: https://www.eternaltools.com/carbide-gravers here It’s only a couple of minutes Unfortunately there is no audio, and the spindle speed is not declared [so we’re guessing] but it seems to ride rough-shod over the dogma regarding Tungsten Carbide tools. Andrew can probably explain it nicely in terms of chip-load or somesuch. MichaelG. . Edit:and to add to the mystery, they state ‘Tungsten Carbide’ … but might they actually be ‘Carbide Steel’ [whatever that is] ? Ref. https://contenti.com/engraving-tools/gravers-n-handles/carbide-steel-gravers Interesting video! Really strange that there is no information on spindle speed. I wonder what is actually used – tungsten carbide or carbide steel? 11 June 2024 at 21:23 #735502 Anonymous SoD: So is there a plain carbon steel readily available, with a high enough carbon content, for making cutting tools that are hardened and tempered in a similar fashion to silver steel and gauge plate? Andrew 11 June 2024 at 22:23 #735506 duncan webster 1Participant @duncanwebster1 Sorry SOD, your definition disagrees with that used by that used by legions of engineers. Referring to Silver Steel, Tubal Cain (page 25 of Hardening, Tempering & Heat Treatment) says ‘these steels are carbon steels with additives to improve performance’. Tubal Cain real name was Tom Walshaw, here’s a link https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Walshaw He clearly knew what he was about. https://www.westyorkssteel.com/tool-steel/silver-steel-bar/ describe silver steel as precision ground carbon steel. Don’t expect absolute logic in engineering, it’s been going on for too long. 11 June 2024 at 22:31 #735519 Michael GilliganParticipant @michaelgilligan61133 There is a useful catalogue/catalog from Starrett available via this page: https://watchmaking.weebly.com/toolmaking.html Given the way that Starrett seems to be dumbing-down its product range, I suggest it’s worth grabbing. MichaelG. 12 June 2024 at 11:19 #735561 Anonymous On 11 June 2024 at 08:49 Michael Gilligan Said: Edit:and to add to the mystery, they state ‘Tungsten Carbide’ … but might they actually be ‘Carbide Steel’ [whatever that is] ? Ref. https://contenti.com/engraving-tools/gravers-n-handles/carbide-steel-gravers Although the metal is being sheared the process shown is more akin to skiving. The shape of the tool is less important, provided that a sharp edge with zero rake is present. I am pretty sure the tool material is tungsten carbide; the point of the video is that being harder the tungsten carbide will last longer. The dogma regarding tungsten carbide tooling refers mainly to inserts for the lathe I think. These are a different kettle of fish to the tool in the video as the cutting edge is generally not sharp; except for those inserts that are ground and polished for non-ferrous metals, before someone points it out. The insert shape is also carefully designed to roll and break chips. Inserts tend to work best with specified DOC, feedrate and cutting speed, most of which are applicable to industrial machines. Hence the disparaging comments in the modelling world. But the reality is more complicated. How an insert behaves depends upon the quality of the insert and is also strongly dependent upon the material as well as cutting parameters. Some materials will cut nicely over a wide range of parameters and with small DOC. Others need to be run at specific (high) speeds and DOC to get an acceptable finish. Ages ago I offered to write some articles for MEW on turning different metals with insert tooling and quantative surface roughness measurements. Maybe the idea should be resurrected. Andrew 12 June 2024 at 12:01 #735565 Michael GilliganParticipant @michaelgilligan61133 It would certainly interest me, Andrew Thanks for your observations. MichaelG. 12 June 2024 at 12:12 #735566 JAParticipant @ja Ages ago I offered to write some articles for MEW on turning different metals with insert tooling and quantative surface roughness measurements. Maybe the idea should be resurrected. Andrew Andrew Yes please. Although I do not use Tungsten Carbide tooling any good information on machining is useful. One caveat. In the ME, please. I have just not renewed my subscription to MEW. As for silver steel, it is a carbon steel since it has the properties of carbon steel and not high speed steel (as far as I am concerned). JA 12 June 2024 at 12:27 #735575 SillyOldDufferModerator @sillyoldduffer On 11 June 2024 at 21:23 Andrew Johnston Said: SoD: So is there a plain carbon steel readily available, with a high enough carbon content, for making cutting tools that are hardened and tempered in a similar fashion to silver steel and gauge plate? Andrew 1095 Knife Steel for one. But I admit many of the old favourites have gone, replaced by Alloy Steels because of their superior performance. Dave 12 June 2024 at 13:00 #735576 SillyOldDufferModerator @sillyoldduffer On 11 June 2024 at 22:23 duncan webster 1 Said: Sorry SOD, your definition disagrees with that used by that used by legions of engineers. Referring to Silver Steel, Tubal Cain (page 25 of Hardening, Tempering & Heat Treatment) says ‘these steels are carbon steels with additives to improve performance’. … I’m surprised this is controversial, because, with all due respect to Tom Walshaw, the definition I quoted is that of the American Iron and Steel Institute. This is the crowd who: … in the ’30s, it became apparent that the industry’s technical terminology had become chaotic. The Institute came to grips with the problem, and out of its efforts came the AISI steel products manuals. They provided makers and users of steel with generally recognized definitions, descriptions and practices pertaining to the manufacture, chemistry, metallurgy and adaptability of steel products. The AISI definition isn’t unique to them. This is from the Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology: By that definition, Silver Steel is not a Carbon Steel, because it contains Chromium. Ditto Drill Steel and Gauge Plate. Perhaps the confusion arises because two different approaches are used to classify steels. Hence what British buyers call EN1B-Leaded, will actually be 9SMnPb28, 9SMnPb36, 11SMnPb30 or 11SMnPb37. One approach categorizes steel by Usage & Mechanical Properties, the other by Chemical Composition. Not making it up, I am quoting the official chemical definition of Carbon Steel. Dave 12 June 2024 at 13:11 #735577 Martin ConnellyParticipant @martinconnelly55370 I know the internet is not a 100% reliable source of information but I just thought I would copy this from Wikipedia since it matches all other sources of information: Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon with improved strength and fracture resistance compared to other forms of iron. Since steel is already an alloy I suggest that all this talk of plain carbon steel, alloy steel and non-alloy steel is the sort of talk that ends up muddying the waters of what people are talking about. We need better descriptions than those that are being used in this thread. Martin C 12 June 2024 at 13:31 #735580 JasonBModerator @jasonb I think for all of us except Dave who has been trying to dig himself out of a hole the term Carbon Steel has always been taken to include Silver Steel and Gauge plate. BTW Dave the US term is “Drill Rod” not Drill steel. Maybe Dave should have looked at our good Editors Recently published A-Z of metals? 12 June 2024 at 14:33 #735582 duncan webster 1Participant @duncanwebster1 On 12 June 2024 at 13:00 SillyOldDuffer Said: On 11 June 2024 at 22:23 duncan webster 1 Said: Sorry SOD, your definition disagrees with that used by that used by legions of engineers. Referring to Silver Steel, Tubal Cain (page 25 of Hardening, Tempering & Heat Treatment) says ‘these steels are carbon steels with additives to improve performance’. … I’m surprised this is controversial, because, with all due respect to Tom Walshaw, the definition I quoted is that of the American Iron and Steel Institute. This is the crowd who: … in the ’30s, it became apparent that the industry’s technical terminology had become chaotic. The Institute came to grips with the problem, and out of its efforts came the AISI steel products manuals. They provided makers and users of steel with generally recognized definitions, descriptions and practices pertaining to the manufacture, chemistry, metallurgy and adaptability of steel products. The AISI definition isn’t unique to them. This is from the Chambers Dictionary of Science and Technology: By that definition, Silver Steel is not a Carbon Steel, because it contains Chromium. Ditto Drill Steel and Gauge Plate. Perhaps the confusion arises because two different approaches are used to classify steels. Hence what British buyers call EN1B-Leaded, will actually be 9SMnPb28, 9SMnPb36, 11SMnPb30 or 11SMnPb37. One approach categorizes steel by Usage & Mechanical Properties, the other by Chemical Composition. Not making it up, I am quoting the official chemical definition of Carbon Steel. Dave But I’m not an American. They can call it what they like. In the UK silver steel is a carbon tool steel. Author Posts Viewing 25 posts - 1 through 25 (of 29 total) 1 2 → Please log in to reply to this topic. Registering is free and easy using the links on the menu at the top of this page.

Great in Heavy Radial Efficiency Milling (HREM) applications of Titanium 6Al4V and other titanium alloys, these fully stocked, square profile Variable Helix End Mills decrease chatter and harmonics.

I very rarely work out turning or milling speeds. There are far more difficult things to consider such as how are you going to hold the work.

The dogma regarding tungsten carbide tooling refers mainly to inserts for the lathe I think. These are a different kettle of fish to the tool in the video as the cutting edge is generally not sharp; except for those inserts that are ground and polished for non-ferrous metals, before someone points it out. The insert shape is also carefully designed to roll and break chips. Inserts tend to work best with specified DOC, feedrate and cutting speed, most of which are applicable to industrial machines. Hence the disparaging comments in the modelling world. But the reality is more complicated. How an insert behaves depends upon the quality of the insert and is also strongly dependent upon the material as well as cutting parameters. Some materials will cut nicely over a wide range of parameters and with small DOC. Others need to be run at specific (high) speeds and DOC to get an acceptable finish.

As mentioned above the type of machine also plays an important part. Bigger, industrial, machines tend to be more rigid and can take heavier cuts, but experimentation is still needed.

And re belt changes, yes go for the closest. Going a bit slower will reduce chatter and increase tool life. Going a bit faster may exacerbate these problems.

An unlucky collection of scrap metal nearly derailed by career as a Model Engineer. Try as I might, I couldn’t get my mini-lathe to turn any of it satisfactorily, chief symptoms being poor finish and tools struggling to cut, Finally suspecting the metal, I coughed up for some known free-cutting Aluminium, Brass and Mild-steel, after which all was sweetness and light. Now I’m more experienced, I can machine awkward metals if I have to, but results require much more experimentation with cutting speed and all the other contributory factors. It’s not a matter of simply dialling in an RPM formula, though RPM is a good place to start! Much easier to machine metals that are machinable, rather than to waste time hacking inappropriate scrap. Appropriate scrap is fine.

Avoid Carbon Steel on any machine tool made after about 1900. Although hard and easy to sharpen, it softens at remarkably low temperatures, about 200°C, and goes blunt in a blink when overheated. OK for cheap tools, especially DIY woodwork, but even for woodwork HSS tools are a better bet.

I’m surprised this is controversial, because, with all due respect to Tom Walshaw, the definition I quoted is that of the American Iron and Steel Institute. This is the crowd who:

Edit:and to add to the mystery, they state ‘Tungsten Carbide’ … but might they actually be ‘Carbide Steel’ [whatever that is] ?

UPS Authorized Shipping Outlet · 25 Storey Ave Newburyport, MA 01950 · (978) 465-6420 · Shipping Package & Parcel · Visit UPS Authorized Shipping Outlet at PAK MAIL ...

Strictly according to theory the optimum speed is when the cut is progressing at the speed of sound in that material. This is what some of the tables and formulas are aiming at, and some are just folk law from years of trying things out. Going too fast can also create so much heat that the sharp tool loses temper and fails which is probably one of the commonest problems for amateurs.

The way I read the quoted specification is that most elements (apart from iron and carbon) have no minimum requirement specified or required. That doesn’t mean the those elements must not be present. A maximum percentage is specfied for manganese, silicon and copper. Both silver steel and gauge plate do not list silicon and copper as present and the manganese percentage is well below the maximum figure listed. So in my book and, I think, the AISI they are carbon steels.

machinist perspective, but it is widely accepted and the basis from which much research has developed. In computer processing, information is data in. putted ...

By that definition, Silver Steel is not a Carbon Steel, because it contains Chromium. Ditto Drill Steel and Gauge Plate.

By my definition EN8 is a Carbon Steel, but EN24 definitely isn’t because the latter is alloyed. Silver Steel is an alloy, not a plain carbon steel, because it contains Chromium. And the Chromium was specifically added with malice aforethought by a metallurgist in order to achieve a desirable property not available from a plain Carbon Steel.

Next table indicates the properties of plain Carbon Steels: note they don’t contain any elements other that Iron, Carbon, Silicon, Manganese, Phosphorous and Sulphur.

Our fully stocked inventory is ready to ship the day of its purchase. We offer second day delivery at ground pricing, and any overnight orders ship until 7 p.m., EST.

Feed per Tooth (f) · vf (mm/min): Table feed per minute · z: Number of teeth · n (min-1): Spindle speed (Feed rate fr = zxfz).

and if you had a machine with belts and pulleys where exaxt speed an not be set – do you go to next one up, next one down, or just the closest.

Ages ago I offered to write some articles for MEW on turning different metals with insert tooling and quantative surface roughness measurements. Maybe the idea should be resurrected.

It should be remembered that quite a few things influence cutting speed such as time to do the job and lathe vibration. Really it is what you are happy with. This comes with experience and if you don’t like what is happening, first lower the cutting speed. There are some materials out there that no one will quote a cutting speed. The speed is found by doing trials.

Interesting video! Really strange that there is no information on spindle speed. I wonder what is actually used – tungsten carbide or carbide steel?

Jan 5, 2010 — stick with 2f if you can. you can't feed the bit fast enough to keep the chipload right so the bit will overheat faster. it will work fine but a ...

202395 — A chamfer is a flat, linear cut at a specified angle to remove a sharp edge, while a bevel can have various angles and create curved ...

bearing

Power-Carving Bits - carving burrs wood

You Might Also Be Interested In