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Aluminium is one of the most machined materials available today. In fact, aluminium CNC machining processes are second after steel in terms of frequency of execution. Mainly this is due to its excellent machinability.
Although there are numerous aluminium alloys with varying degrees of properties, there are fundamental properties applicable almost to all aluminium alloys.
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There are five naturally occurring isotopes of nickel: nickel-58, nickel-60, nickel-61, nickel-62, and nickel-64. Isotopes are two or more forms of an element. Isotopes differ from each other according to their mass number. The number written to the right of the element's name is the mass number. The mass number represents the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of the element. The number of protons determines the element, but the number of neutrons in the atom of any one element can vary. Each variation is an isotope.
In its purest form, the chemical element aluminium is soft, ductile, non-magnetic, and silvery-white in appearance. However, the element is not only used in the pure form. Aluminium is usually alloyed with various elements such as manganese, copper and magnesium to form hundreds of aluminium alloys with various significantly improved properties.
This alloy contains magnesium and silicon as its major alloying elements with trace amounts of copper. With a tensile strength of 180Mpa, this is a high strength alloy and is very suitable for highly loaded structures such as scaffolds, rail coaches, machine and aerospace parts.
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Copper miners were confused about nickel and copper because they both occurred in ores with a green tint. But copper ores reacted differently to heat than did nickel ores. This confusion led to the choice for nickel's name.
However, cobalt reacts with aluminium at high temperatures, forming a built-up edge of aluminium on the tool surface. The key is to use a carbide tool with the right amount of cobalt (2-20%), in order to minimize this reaction, while still maintaining the required strength. Carbide tools are typically able to withstand better than Steel tools, the high speeds associated with aluminium CNC machining.
The United States' only nickel mine is located in Riddle, Oregon. In 1996, the mine produced 15,070 tons of nickel. By comparison, Russia produced 230,000 tons of nickel in the same year. Russia is the world's largest producer of nickel Other major nickel producers are Canada (183,059 tons in 1996), New Caledonia (142,200 tons), Australia (113,134 tons), and Indonesia (90,000 tons).
Nickel is classified as a transition metal. Transition metals are elements between Groups 2 (metals) and 13 (non-metals) in the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are related to one another. Nickel is closely related to iron, cobalt, copper, and zinc. These metals are close to nickel in the periodic table.
The method used for making pure nickel metal is a common one in metallurgy. Metallurgy is the art and science of working with metals. Most nickel ores contain nickel sulfide (NiS). These ores are "roasted" (heated in air). Roasting converts the nickel sulfide to nickel oxide: Ocean Song, by John T. Scott. This sculpture, located in New Orleans, Louisiana, is an example of an artistic use of stainless steel.
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Nickel is a silvery-white metal. It has the shiny surface common to most metals and is both ductile and malleable. Ductile means capable of being drawn into thin wires. Malleable means capable of being hammered into thin sheets. Its melting point is 1,555°C (2,831°F) and its boiling point is about 2,835°C (5,135°F). The density of nickel is 8.90 grams per cubic centimeter.
Since it is a subtractive manufacturing process, CNC machining processes generate a large number of chips, which are waste materials. Aluminium is highly recyclable which means it requires relatively low energy, effort, and cost to recycle. This makes it preferable to those who want to recoup expenditure or reduce material wastage. It also makes aluminium a more environmentally-friendly material to machine.
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Despite its machinability, never cut aluminium dry as this promotes the formation of built-up edges. The appropriate cutting fluids for aluminium CNC machining are soluble-oil emulsions and mineral oils. Avoid cutting fluids that contain chlorine or active sulphur as these elements stain aluminium.
Nickel is present in dozens of products. So it is easy for sensitive people to develop nickel allergy. Perhaps the most common cause of nickel allergy is body piercing. Some people have their ears pierced for earrings, while others have their lips, nose, or other body parts pierced. Inexpensive jewelry placed into these piercings is frequently made of stainless steel. Stainless steel contains nickel. The presence of nickel in a piercing can cause nickel allergy to develop.
This involves coating an aluminium part with another material such as zinc, nickel, and chrome. This is done to improve the parts processes and may be achieved through electrochemical processes.
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Electroplating is used to make metal products with very specific qualities. Steel is strong but tends to corrode easily. Nickel does not corrode as fast as steel. A thin layer of nickel on top of steel protects the steel from corrosion.
First, the nickel compound to be laid down is dissolved in water. The solution may be nickel chloride (NiCl 2 ), nickel nitrate (Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ), or some other nickel compound.
One radioactive isotope of nickel has limited use in industry, nickel-63. This isotope has two uses: for the detection of explosives, and in certain kinds of electronic devices, such as surge protectors. A surge protector is a device that protects sensitive electronic equipment like computers from sudden changes in the electric current flowing into them.
Seven radioactive isotopes of nickel are known also. A radioactive isotope is one that breaks apart and gives off some form of radiation. Radioactive isotopes are produced when very small particles are fired at atoms. These particles stick in the atoms and make them radioactive.
Anodisation, which is a surface finishing procedure that increases the wear and corrosion resistance of a material, is easy to achieve in aluminium. This process also makes adding colour to machined aluminium parts easier.
Nickel is only one of three naturally occurring elements that is strongly magnetic. The other two are iron and cobalt. But nickel is less magnetic than either iron or cobalt.
Chromium, on the Mohs scale for hardness, is the hardest metal around. It scores 9.0, but it's extremely brittle. So unless it's combined with ...
A parallel is a rectangular block of metal, commonly made from tool steel, stainless steel or cast iron, which has 2, 4 or 6 faces ground or lapped to a ...
The helix angle is the angle between the centre line of a tool and a straight line tangent along the cutting edge. It is an important feature of cutting tools. While a higher helix angle removes chips from a part more quickly, it increases the friction and heat during cutting. This may cause the chips to weld to the tool surface during high-speed aluminium CNC machining. A lower helix angle, on the other hand, produces less heat but may not remove chips effectively. For machining aluminium, a 35° or 40° helix angle is suitable for roughing applications, while a helix angle of 45° is best for finishing.
Some nickel compounds have important uses also. Many of these compounds are used in electroplating. Some are used to make alloys of nickel. Other nickel compounds are used as coloring agents. For example, the compound nickel dimethylglyoxime (C 8 H 14 N 4 NiO 4 ) is used as a coloring agent in paints, cosmetics, and certain kinds of plastics.
Bead blasting is a finishing process for aesthetic purposes. In this process, the machined part is blasted with tiny glass beads using a highly pressurised air gun, effective removing material and ensuring a smooth surface. It gives aluminium a satin or matte finish. The main process parameters for bead blasting are the size of the glass beads and the amount of air pressure used. Only use this process when the dimensional tolerances of a part are not critical.
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Aluminium is scratch resistant and corrosion resistant in common marine and atmospheric conditions. You can enhance these properties by anodizing. It’s important to note that resistance to corrosion varies in different aluminium grades. The most regularly CNC machined grades, however, have the most resistance.
Since then, nickel has become a very valuable metal. The most common use is in the production of stainless steel, a strong material that does not rust easily. It is used in hundreds of industrial and consumer applications. Nickel is also used in the manufacture of many other alloys. An alloy is made by melting and mixing two or more metals. The mixture has properties different from those of the individual metals.
Nickel can cause more serious health problems too. For example, people who are exposed to nickel fumes (dust and gas) breathe in nickel on a regular basis. Long term nickel exposure may cause serious health problems, including cancer.
Nickel can pose a health hazard to certain individuals. The most common health problem is called nickel allergy. Some people are more likely to develop nickel allergy than are others. People who are sensitive to nickel may develop a skin rash somewhat like poison ivy. The rash becomes itchy and may form watery blisters. Once a person gets nickel allergy, it remains with him or her forever.
Minor Diameter. Pitch Diameter. Major Diameter. Min. Max. Min. Max. Tolerance. Min. 0-80. UNF. 0.0465. 0.0514. 0.0519. 0.0542. 0.0023. 0.0600. 1-64.
One argument for this belief is the presence of nickel in meteorites. Meteorites are pieces of rock or metal from space that fall to the Earth's surface. Meteorites often contain a high percentage of nickel.
In addition to tool material, tool coating is an important factor in tool cutting efficiency. ZrN (Zirconium Nitride), TiB2 (Titanium di-Boride), and diamond-like coatings are some suitable coating for tools used in aluminium CNC machining.
Nickel is the only element named after the devil. The name comes from the German word Kupfernickel, meaning "Old Nick's copper," a term used by German miners. They tried to remove copper from an ore that looked like copper ore, but they were unsuccessful. Instead of copper, they got slag, a useless mass of earthy material. The miners believed the devil ("Old Nick") was playing a trick on them. So they called the fake copper ore Old Nick's copper.
Feed rate is the distance the workpiece or tool moves per revolution of the tool. The feed used depends on the desired finish, the strength, and the rigidity of the workpiece. Rough cuts require a feed of 0.15 to 2.03 mm/rev while finishing cuts require a feed of 0.05 to 0.15mm/rev.
The most common ores of nickel include pentlandite, pyrrhotite, and garnierite. The element also occurs as an impurity in ores of iron, copper, cobalt, and other metals.
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Facing in machining involves creating a flat cross-sectional area on the surface of a workpiece through either face turning or face milling.
The electrical conductivity of pure aluminium is about 37.7 million siemens per metre at room temperature. Although aluminium alloys may have lower conductivities than pure aluminium, they are conductive enough for their parts to find use in electrical components. On the other hand, aluminium would be an unsuitable material if electrical conductivity is not a desirable characteristic of a machined part.
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Milling aluminium speeds and feeds
N ickel is commonly used in electroplating. Electroplating is the process by which a thin layer of one metal is laid down on top of a second metal. Here is how electroplating is done.
After machining an aluminium part, there are certain processes that you can carry out to enhance the physical, mechanical, and aesthetic features of the part. The most widespread processes are as follows.
Typically formed by rolling and extrusion, this alloy has medium strength with very good weldability and thermal conductivity. It has high stress corrosion cracking resistance. It has a tensile strength that ranges from 140 – 330MPa. It is heavily employed in offshore construction and containers.
This is a magnesium and silicon-containing wrought aluminium alloy. It is heat-treatable and has average strength, good weldability, and good formability. It is also highly resistant to corrosion; a property which can be improved even further through anodising. EN AW 6060 is often used in construction, food processing, medical equipment, and automotive engineering.
Aluminium is about a third of the density of steel. This makes it relatively light. Despite its lightweight, aluminium has very high strength. This combination of strength and light weight is described as the strength-to-weight ratio of materials. Aluminium’s high strength-to-weight ratio makes it favourable for parts required in several industries such as the automotive and aerospace industries.
Nickel is also used in electroplating, a process by which a thin layer of one metal is laid down on top of a second metal.
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Cutting speed is the speed at which the cutting tool rotates. Aluminium can withstand very high cutting speed hence the cutting speed for aluminium alloys is dependent on the limits of the machine being used. The speed should be as high as is practical in aluminium CNC machining, as this reduces the possibility of the formation of built-up edges, saves time, minimises temperature rise in the part, improves chip breakage, and improves finishing. The exact speed used varies by the aluminium alloy and the tool diameter.
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This aluminium alloy has copper as its main alloying element (4-5%) of copper. It is a short-chipped alloy that is durable, light, highly functional, and has the same high mechanical properties as AW 2030. It is also suitable for threading, heat treatment, and high-speed machining. All these properties make EN AW 2007 widely used in the production of machine parts, bolts, rivets nuts, screws, and threaded bars. However, this aluminium grade has low weldability and low corrosion resistance; therefore it is recommended to carry out protective anodising after part machining.
Nickel is a relatively unreactive element. At room temperature, it does not combine with oxygen or water or dissolve in most Nickel samples. acids. At higher temperatures, it becomes more active. For example, nickel burns in oxygen to form nickel oxide (NiO):
Other nickel compounds have somewhat more unusual uses. For example, the compound nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate (Ni[CS 2 N(C 4 H 4 ) 2 ] 2 ) is used as an antioxidant in tires. The rubber in tires reacts with oxygen in the air. When it does so, the rubber gets hard and stiff. The tires begin to break down. An additive like nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate can reduce the rate at which this process occurs. The life of tires is extended.
Nickel makes up about 0.01 to 0.02 percent of the Earth's crust. It ranks about 22nd among the chemical elements in terms of abundance in the Earth's crust. Nickel is thought to be much more abundant in the Earth's core. In fact, many experts believe that the core consists almost entirely of iron and nickel.
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Second, a sheet of the metal to be electroplated is placed into the solution. Suppose the metal is steel. The steel sheet is suspended in the nickel chloride, nickel nitrate, or other nickel solution.
AW 5083 is renowned for its excellent performance in severe environments. It contains magnesium and small traces of chromium and manganese. This grade has very high resistance to corrosion in both chemical and marine environments. Of all the non-heat treatable alloys, AW 5080 has the highest strength; a property which it retains even after welding. While this alloy should not be used in applications with temperatures higher than 65°C, it excels in low temperature applications.
The most important use of nickel is in making alloys. About 80 percent of all nickel produced in the United States in 1996 was used to make alloys. About two-thirds of that amount went into stainless steel. Stainless steel is common to household appliances (like coffee makers, toasters, and pots and pans), kitchen sink tops and stoves, and medical equipment (X-ray machines, for example). It is also used to make heavy machinery and large containers in which large-scale chemical reactions are carried out. Artists sometimes use stainless steel in sculpture because it does not rust easily. Stainless steel is important to the food and beverage, petroleum, chemical, pharmaceutical (drug), pulp and paper, and textile industries.
Nickel is also used to make the superalloys used in jet engine parts and gas turbines. Superalloys are made primarily of iron, cobalt, or nickel. They also include small amounts of other metals, such as chromium, tungsten, aluminum, and titanium. Superalloys are resistant to corrosion (rusting) and retain their properties at high temperatures.
Most materials tend to lose some of their desirable properties at sub-zero temperatures. For example, both carbon steels and rubber become brittle at low temperatures. Aluminium, in its turn, retains its softness, ductility, and strength at very low temperatures.
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As stated earlier, aluminium alloys have a number of desirable properties. Hence, CNC-machined aluminium parts are indispensable in several industries, including the following:
CNC Drilling is the process of making a hole in a workpiece. In this operation, a multi-point rotating cutting tool of a particular size move in a straight line perpendicular to the surface to be drilled, thereby effectively creating a hole.
Anodising is an electrochemical process in which an aluminium part is dipped in a solution of diluted sulphuric acid, and an electric voltage is applied across the cathode and anode. This process effectively converts the exposed surfaces of the part into a hard, electrically non-reactive aluminium oxide coating. The density and thickness of the coating created is dependent on the consistency of the solution, the anodising time, and the electric current. You may also carry out anodisation to colour a part.
Due to its set of desirable properties, AW 5080 is used in numerous applications including cryogenic equipment, marine applications, pressure equipment, chemical applications, welded constructions, and vehicle bodies.
A large amount of nickel is now recycled from scrap metal. Scrap metal comes from old cars, demolition of buildings, appliances like washing machines and stoves, and landfills. The task in recycling scrap metal is to find a way to separate Nickel-cadmium batteries are used in laptop computers. the nickel from other metals in the scrap. This can be done by taking advantage of special properties of nickel. For example, a magnet will remove nickel from scrap, leaving copper behind.
Carbide is the preferred material for cutting tools used in aluminium CNC machining. Because aluminium is soft cutting, what is important in a cutting tool for aluminium is not hardness, but the ability to retain a razor sharp edge. This ability is present in carbide tools and it depends on two factors, carbide grain size and binder ratio. While a larger grain size results in harder material, a smaller grain size guarantees a tougher, more impact-resistant material which is actually the property we require. Smaller grains require cobalt to achieve the fine grain structure and the material’s strength.
Zinc is the primary alloying element in this grade of aluminium. Although EN AW 7075 has average machinability, poor cold forming properties, and is not suitable for both welding and soldering; it has a high strength-to-density ratio, excellent resistance to atmospheric and marine environments, and strength comparable to some steel alloys. This alloy is employed in a very wide range of applications including hang glider and bicycle frames, rock climbing equipment, weaponry, and mold tool manufacturing.
The study of metals was difficult for early chemists. Many metals looked very similar. They also acted very much like each other chemically. Nickel was one of the metals about which there was much confusion.
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Aluminium is readily formed, worked, and machined using a variety of processes. It can be quickly and easily cut by machine tools because it is soft and it chips easily. It is also less expensive and requires less power to machine than steel. These characteristics are of immense benefits to both the machinist and the customer ordering the part. Furthermore, aluminium’s good machinability means it deforms less during machining. This leads to higher accuracy as it allows CNC machines to achieve higher tolerances.
But cobalt miners were confused too. Some ores of nickel also look like cobalt ores. But these ores did not react chemically in the same way either. Cobalt mine owners called the "misbehaving" ores of nickel "cobalt which had lost its soul."
The largest single deposit of nickel is located at Sudbury Basin, Ontario, Canada. The deposit was discovered in 1883. It covers an area 27 kilometers (17 miles) wide and 59 kilometers (37 miles) long. Some experts believe the deposit was created when a meteorite struck the earth at Sudbury Basin.
There are different aspects of a tool geometry that contributes to its efficiency in machining aluminium. One of these is its flute count. In order to prevent difficulty in chip evacuation at high speeds, cutting tools for aluminium CNC machining should have 2-3 flutes. A higher number of flutes results in smaller chip valleys. This will cause the large chips produced by aluminium alloys to get stuck. When cutting forces are low and chip clearance is critical to the process, you should use 2 flutes. For a perfect balance of chip clearance and tool strength, use 3 flutes.
In CNC turning operations, the workpiece rotates, while the single-point cutting tool stays stationary along its axis. Depending on the machine, either the workpiece or the cutting tool carries out feed motion against the other in order to achieve material removal.
Being a wrought aluminium-magnesium alloy with the highest % of aluminium, AW 5754 can be rolled, forged, and extruded. It is also non heat-treatable and can be cold-worked to increase its strength, but at a lower ductility. In addition, this alloy has excellent resistance to corrosion and has high strength. Considering these properties, it is understandable that AW 5754 is one of the most popular CNC machined aluminium grades. It is typically used in welded structures, flooring applications, fishing equipment, vehicle bodies, food processing, and rivets.
You can machine aluminium by a number of the CNC machining processes available today. Some of these processes are as follows.
Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1722-65) was the first person to realize that nickel was a new element. In 1751, he was given a new mineral from a cobalt mine near the town of Hälgsingland, Sweden. While Cronstedt thought the ore might contain cobalt or copper, his tests produced a surprising result. He found something in the mineral that did not act like cobalt, copper, or any other known element. Cronstedt announced that he had found a new element. He used a shortened version of Kupfernickel for the name of the new element. He called it nickel.
Nickel is also very popular in the manufacture of batteries. Nickel-cadmium (nicad) and nickel-metal hydride batteries are the most popular of these batteries. They are used in a great variety of appliances, including hand-held power tools, compact disc players, pocket recorders, camcorders, cordless and cellular telephones, scanner radios, and laptop computers.
The powder coating process involves coating a part with colours polymer powder, using an electrostatic spray gun. The part is then left to cure at a temperature of 200°C. Powder coating improves strength and resistance to wear, corrosion, and impact.
CNC Milling operations are the most commonly used in machining aluminium parts. These operations involve the rotation of a multi-point cutting along its axis, while the workpiece stays stationary along its own axis. Cutting action and subsequently material removal is achieved by the feed motion of either the workpiece, the cutting tool, or both of them combined. This motion can be carried out along multiple axes.
Clearance angle is another important factor for the proper functioning of a tool. An excessively large angle would cause the tool to dig into the work and chatter. On the other hand, a too small angle would cause friction between the tool and the work. Clearance angles between 6° and 10° are best for aluminium CNC machining.
Third, an electric current is passed through the solution. The current causes nickel to come out of the solution. The nickel is then deposited on the surface of the steel. The longer the current runs, the more nickel is laid down. The thickness of the nickel layer can be controlled by the time the electric current runs through the solution.