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The phrase "anomalous nickel" has been used to describe this behavior and the fact that equilibria often exist between these forms. Some examples include:

The Milwaukee Hole Dozer with Carbide Teeth really wins for metal drilling. It can tackle stainless steel and certainly anything softer or milder than that.

Nickel carbonate usually occurs as a light green crystalline solid or a brown powder. It dissolves in ammonia and dilute acids but is insoluble in hot water. It exhibits vigorous reaction with iodine, hydrogen sulphide or a mixture of barium oxide and air. It decomposes on heating before melting occurs.

Any manufacturing process in which metal is processed or machined such that the workpiece is given a new shape. Broadly defined, the term includes processes such as design and layout, heat-treating, material handling and inspection.

Imagine the cutting tool as a rolling ring or cylinder. The distance traveled in one revolution times rpm is its surface speed. If the circle above had a diameter of 3.82", the circumference would be 12". As a result, every revolution would produce a linear distance of 1', and a spindle speed of 100 rpm would be a cutting speed of 100 sfm.

LatheRPMcalculatormetric

While the tool or part is spinning, the machine must know how fast to travel while the cutter is engaged in the workpiece. Feed rate is the term that describes the traverse rate while cutting.

Nickel carbonyl is a colorless, volatile, liquid. It is soluble in alcohol, benzene, and nitric acid but only slightly soluble in water, and insoluble in dilute acids and alkalis. Upon heating or in contact with acid or acid fumes, nickel carbonyl emits toxic carbon monoxide gas, a property exploited in preparation of nickel metal. When exposed to heat or flame the compound explodes and it can react violently with air, oxygen and bromine.

Lathe cutting speedchart PDF

In 1899 Ludwig Mond developed a process for extracting and purifying nickel. The so-called "Mond Process" involves the conversion of nickel oxides to pure nickel metal. The oxide is obtained from nickel ores by a series of treatments including concentration, roasting and smelting of the minerals.

Because the tool diameter is measured in inches, the “feet” in sfm must be converted to inches, and because there are 12 inches in a foot, multiply sfm by 12. In addition, the circumference of the tool is found by multiplying the tool diameter by π, or 3.14 to simplify. The result is: rpm = (sfm × 12) ÷ (diameter × π) = (sfm ÷ diameter) × (12 ÷ π) = (sfm ÷ diameter) × 3.82.

Chip load recommendations for turning operations are most often given in thousandths of an inch per revolution, or feed per rev. This is the distance the tool advances each time the part com-pletes one rotation.

\[ \ce{Ni} + \ce{4CO} \ce{->[ 50°C]} \underbrace{\ce{Ni(CO)_4}}_{impure} \ce{->[ 230°C]} \underbrace{\ce{Ni}}_{pure} + \ce{4CO} \nonumber \]

The U.S. five-cent piece is 25% nickel. The element is also an important alloying agent for stainless steels and in very powerful magnets. Nickel is found in the earth's crust to the extent of about 70 parts per million, about the same as copper and zinc. There is a good chance that a high proportion of the core of the earth is molten nickel.

Canada is the world's leading nickel producer and the Sudbury Basin of Ontario contains one of the largest nickel deposits in the world.

Unlike its near neighbor copper on the periodic table, nickel is only a fair electrical conductor. But like its other neighbor, cobalt, it is very useful in making strong permanent magnets. It is also highly resistant to attack by alkalis and is used to store and transport concentrated sodium and potassium hydroxide. Nickel reacts with most acids to produce hydrogen gas and the green Ni2+ ion.

The first crystallization of an enzyme was reported in the 1920's. The enzyme was urease which converts urea to ammonia and bicarbonate. One source of the enzyme is the bacterium Helicobacter Pylori. The release of ammonia is beneficial to the bacterium since it partially neutralizes the very acidic environment of the stomach (whose function in part helps kill bacteria). In the initial study it was claimed that there were no metals in the enzyme. Fifty years later this was corrected when it was discovered that nickel ions were present and an integral part of the system. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2005 was awarded to Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease".

So what is this telling us? Let’s say a 1"-dia. tool must run at 100 sfm. Based on the equation, that tool must turn at 382 rpm to achieve 100 sfm: 100 ÷ 1 × 3.82 = 382.

Understanding these relationships and applying some creative thought can provide significant gains in efficiency. I will discuss how to take advantage of these relationships in my next column. CTE

Milling cutter held by its shank that cuts on its periphery and, if so configured, on its free end. Takes a variety of shapes (single- and double-end, roughing, ballnose and cup-end) and sizes (stub, medium, long and extra-long). Also comes with differing numbers of flutes.

Another way to consider this concept is to think about the distance the 1" tool would travel were it to make 382 revolutions across the shop floor. In that scenario, it would travel 100'; do it in 60 seconds and it would be traveling 100 sfm.

Angle between the side-cutting edge and the projected side of the tool shank or holder, which leads the cutting tool into the workpiece.

The primary use of nickel is in the preparation of alloys such as stainless steel, which accounts for approximately 67% of all nickel used in manufacture. The greatest application of stainless steel is in the manufacturing of kitchen sinks but it has numerous other uses as well. Other nickel alloys also have important applications. An alloy of nickel and copper for example is a component of the tubing used in the desalination of sea water. Nickel steel is used in the manufacture of armor plates and burglar proof vaults. Nickel alloys are especially valued for their strength, resistance to corrosion and in the case of stainless steel for example, esthetic value.

Nickel is the earth's 22nd most abundant element and the 7th most abundant transition metal. It is a silver white crystalline metal that occurs in meteors or combined with other elements in ores. Two important groups of ores are:

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Feeds and speedscalculatormetric

The Nickel (II) ion forms many stable complexes as predicted by the Irving Williams series. Whilst there are no other important oxidation states to consider, the Ni(II) ion can exist in a wide variety of CN's which complicates its coordination chemistry. For example, for CN=4 both tetrahedral and square planar complexes can be found. For CN=5 both square pyramid and trigonal bipyramid complexes are formed.

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Nickel oxide is a powdery green solid that becomes yellow on heating. It is difficult to prepare this compound by simply heating nickel in oxygen and it is more conveniently obtained by heating nickel hydroxide, carbonate or nitrate. Nickel oxide is readily soluble in acids but insoluble in hot and cold water.

Toolmakers recommend cutting speeds for different types of workpiece materials. When a toolmaker suggests 100 sfm, it is indicating the outside surface of the rotating tool should travel at a rate of speed equal to 100 linear feet per minute. If the tool has a circumference (diameter × π) of 12", it would need to rotate at 100 rpm to achieve 100 sfm.

Processed material, Stainless steel (Side milling) ; Diametermm), Rotating speedmin-1), Feed ratemm/min) ; 1, 25000, 700 ; 2, 15900, 635.

(b) Ni(acac)2 is only found to be monomeric at temperatures around 200°C in non-coordinating solvents such as n-decane. 6-coordinate monomeric species are formed at room temperature in solvents such as pyridine, but in the solid state Ni(acac)2 is a trimer, where each Ni atom is 6-coordinate. Note that Co(acac)2 actually exists as a tetramer.

In the first step of the process, nickel oxide is reacted with water gas, a mixture of H2 and CO, at atmospheric pressure and a temperature of 50 °C. The oxide is thus reduced to impure nickel. Reaction of this impure material with residual carbon monoxide gives the toxic and volatile compound, nickel tetracarbonyl, Ni(CO)4. This compound decomposes on heating to about 230 °C to give pure nickel metal and CO, which can then be recycled. The actual temperatures and pressures used in this process may very slightly from one processing plant to the next. However the basic process as outlined is common to all.

In its metallic form nickel is chemically unreactive. It is insoluble in cold and hot water and ammonia and is unaffected by concentrated nitric acid and alkalis. It is however soluble in dilute nitric acid and sparingly soluble in dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric acids.

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Nickel hydroxide usually occurs as green crystals that can be precipitated when aqueous alkali is added to a solution of a nickel (II) salt. It is insoluble in water but dissolves readily in acids and ammonium hydroxide.

Nickel had been in use centuries before its actual discovery and isolation. As far back as 3500 BC Syrian bronzes contained a small amount of the element. In 235 BC, coins in China were minted from nickel. However there was no real documentation of the element until thousands of years later. In the 17thcentury, German miners discovered a red Colored ore they believed to contain copper. They discovered upon analysis that there was no copper but that a useless, smelly material was actually present. Thinking the ore was evil they dubbed it "Kupfernickel" or Old Nick's Copper, which meant false or bad copper. Swedish scientist Baron Axel Frederich Cronstedt in 1751 finally isolated nickel from an ore closely resembling kupfernickel. Hence, he named this new element after the traditional mineral.

(c) Complexes of the type NiL2X 2, where L are phosphines, can give rise to either tetrahedral or square planar complexes. It has been found that:

where Φ is shorthand for C6H5. Ni2+reacts with CN- to give Ni(CN)2.nH2O (blue-green) which on heating at 180-200°C is dehydrated to yield Ni(CN)2. Reaction with excess KCN gives K2Ni(CN)4.H2O (orange crystals) which can be dehydrated at 100°C. Addition of strong concentrations of KCN produces red solutions of Ni(CN)53-.

Nickel is known primarily for its divalent compounds since the most important oxidation state of the element is +2. There do exist however certain compounds in which the oxidation state of the metal is between -1 to +4. Blue and green are the characteristic colors of nickel compounds and they are often hydrated.

Cutting speed calculations might well be the most important ones. They are easy to use and, with a little explanation, easy to understand. The cutting speed of a tool is expressed in surface feet per minute (sfm) or surface meters per minute (m/min.). Similar to mph for a car, sfm is the linear distance a cutting tool travels per minute. To get a better sense of scale, 300 sfm, for example, converts to 3.4 mph.

Surface feet per minute, chip load, undeformed chip thickness and chip thinning are familiar shop terms. Over the last few weeks, however, several occurrences in our shop have made me realize there are a lot of metalworking professionals who don’t understand these terms and the calculations that go along with them. Whether you work at a small job shop or a large contract manufacturer, it is important to understand cutting tool calculations and how to use them to help drive significant efficiency gains.

Feed rate for milling is usually expressed in inches per minute (ipm) and calculated using: ipm = rpm × no. of flutes × chip load.

Steellathe cutting speed calculator

All the nickel dihalides are known to exist. These compounds are usually yellow to dark brown in Color. Preparation directly from the elements is possible for all except NiF2, which is best prepared from reaction of F2on NiCl2 at 350°C. Most are soluble in water and crystallization of the hexahydrate containing the [Ni(H2O)6]2+ion can be achieved. NiF2however is only slightly soluble in water from which the trihydrate crystallizes. The only nickel trihalide known to exist is an impure specimen of NiF3.

(a) substituted acacs react with Ni2+ to give green dihydrates (6 coordinate). On heating, the two coordinated water groups are generally removed to give tetrahedral species. The unsubstituted acac complex, Ni(acac)2 normally exists as a trimer, see below. Lifschitz salts containing substituted 1,2-diaminoethanes can be isolated as either 4 or 6 coordinate species depending on the presence of coordinated solvent.

About the Author: Christopher Tate is senior advanced manufacturing engineering for Milwaukee Electric Tool Corp., Brookfield, Wis. He is based at the company’s manufacturing plant in Jackson, Miss. He has 19 years of experience in the metalworking industry and holds a Master of Science and Bachelor of Science from Mississippi State University. E-mail: chris23tate@gmail.com.

Lathe cutting speed calculatorexcel

Tangential velocity on the surface of the tool or workpiece at the cutting interface. The formula for cutting speed (sfm) is tool diameter 5 0.26 5 spindle speed (rpm). The formula for feed per tooth (fpt) is table feed (ipm)/number of flutes/spindle speed (rpm). The formula for spindle speed (rpm) is cutting speed (sfm) 5 3.82/tool diameter. The formula for table feed (ipm) is feed per tooth (ftp) 5 number of tool flutes 5 spindle speed (rpm).

Lathes are different, of course, because the workpiece rotates instead of the cutter. Because the formula for cutting speed is dependent on diameter, as the diameter of the workpiece decreases, rpm must increase to maintain a constant surface speed. After each circular cut on the lathe, the workpiece OD decreases or the ID increases, and it is necessary for the rpm of the part to increase to maintain the desired cutting speed. As a result, CNC manufacturers developed the constant surface footage feature for lathe controls. This feature allows the programmer to input the desired cutting speed in sfm or m/min. and the control calculates the proper rpm for the changing diameter.

Toolmakers publish chip load recommendations along with cutting speed recommendations and express them in thousandths of an inch (millimeter for metric units). For milling and drilling operations, chip load is expressed in thousandths of an inch per flute. Flutes, teeth and cutting edges all describe the same thing and there must be at least one, but, in theory, there is no limit to the number a tool can have.

Microprocessor-based controller dedicated to a machine tool that permits the creation or modification of parts. Programmed numerical control activates the machine’s servos and spindle drives and controls the various machining operations. See DNC, direct numerical control; NC, numerical control.

Lathe cutting speed calculatorapp

The following equation is used to calculate spindle speed: rpm = sfm ÷ diameter × 3.82, where diameter is the cutting tool diameter or the part diameter on a lathe in inches, and 3.82 is a constant that comes from an algebraic simplifica-tion of the more complex formula: rpm = (sfm × 12) ÷ (diameter × π).

Here is where things get interesting, because by changing the values in the formula, the relationships of the different variables become evident. Try applying a 2" tool instead of the 1" tool. What happens? The rpm and feed rate decrease by half.

The crystal structure of the double salt prepared by addition of Cr(en)33+to Ni(CN)53- showed that two types of Ni stereochemistry were present in the crystals in approximately equal proportions. 50% as square pyramid and 50% as trigonal bipyramid.

Grooves and spaces in the body of a tool that permit chip removal from, and cutting-fluid application to, the point of cut.

Value that refers to how far the workpiece or cutter advances linearly in 1 minute, defined as: ipm = ipt 5 number of effective teeth 5 rpm. Also known as the table feed or machine feed.

What is chip load? When milling, it is the amount of material that the cutting edge removes each time it rotates. When turning, it is the distance the part moves in one revolution while engaged with the tool. It is sometimes referred to as chip thickness, which is sort of true. Chip thickness can change when other parameters like radial DOC or the tool’s lead angle change.

Identification of nickel compounds can be achieved by employing the use of an organic reagent dimethylglyoxine. This compound forms a red flocculent precipitate on addition to a solution of a nickel compound.

Notice the vertical lines, called tool marks, on the outside of the part being turned. As the feed rate increases, the distance between the lines also increases. The chip thickness is roughly equal to the feed.

for L= mixed aryl and alkyl phosphines, both stereochemistries can occur in the same crystalline substance. The energy of activation for conversion of one form to the other has been found to be around 50kJ mol-1. Similar changes have been observed with variation of the X group:

Turning speeds and feedscalculator

What rpm and feed rate should be programmed for a 4-flute, 1" endmill, running at a recommended cutting speed of 350 sfm and a recommended chip load of 0.005 inch per tooth (ipt)? Using the equation, rpm = sfm ÷ diameter × 3.82 = 350 ÷ 1.0 × 3.82 = 1,337, the feed rate = rpm × no. of flutes × chip load = 1,337 × 4 × 0.005 = 26.74 ipm.

This page titled Chemistry of Nickel is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Robert J. Lancashire.

Lathefeeds and speeds Chart

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Machining operation in which metal or other material is removed by applying power to a rotating cutter. In vertical milling, the cutting tool is mounted vertically on the spindle. In horizontal milling, the cutting tool is mounted horizontally, either directly on the spindle or on an arbor. Horizontal milling is further broken down into conventional milling, where the cutter rotates opposite the direction of feed, or “up” into the workpiece; and climb milling, where the cutter rotates in the direction of feed, or “down” into the workpiece. Milling operations include plane or surface milling, endmilling, facemilling, angle milling, form milling and profiling.

Value that refers to how far the workpiece or cutter advances linearly in 1 minute, defined as: ipm = ipt 5 number of effective teeth 5 rpm. Also known as the table feed or machine feed.

At the time of its discovery nickel was thought to be useless but as its valuable properties came to light the demand for the metal increased dramatically. The usefulness of nickel as a material in alloys was eventually discovered as the strength, corrosion resistance and hardness it adds to other metals came to be appreciated. In the 1800s, the technique of silver plating was developed with a nickel-copper-zinc alloy being utilized in the process. Today, stainless steel, another nickel containing alloy, is one of the most valuable materials of the 20th century.

Cutting speeds are published in sfm because the ideal cutting speed for a particular family of tools will, in theory, be the same no matter the size of the tool. The engineer, programmer or machinist is expected to calculate the rpm needed to produce the proper cutting speed for each selected tool.

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Workpiece is held in a chuck, mounted on a face plate or secured between centers and rotated while a cutting tool, normally a single-point tool, is fed into it along its periphery or across its end or face. Takes the form of straight turning (cutting along the periphery of the workpiece); taper turning (creating a taper); step turning (turning different-size diameters on the same work); chamfering (beveling an edge or shoulder); facing (cutting on an end); turning threads (usually external but can be internal); roughing (high-volume metal removal); and finishing (final light cuts). Performed on lathes, turning centers, chucking machines, automatic screw machines and similar machines.

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Nickel is a hard silver white metal, which occurs as cubic crystals. It is malleable, ductile and has superior strength and corrosion resistance. The metal is a fair conductor of heat and electricity and exhibits magnetic properties below 345°C. Five isotopes of nickel are known.

Electroplating is another major use of the metal. Nickel plating is used in protective coating of other metals. In wire form, nickel is used in pins, staples, jewelry and surgical wire. Finely divided nickel catalyzes the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. Nickel is also used in the coloring of glass to which it gives a green hue.

Turning machine capable of sawing, milling, grinding, gear-cutting, drilling, reaming, boring, threading, facing, chamfering, grooving, knurling, spinning, parting, necking, taper-cutting, and cam- and eccentric-cutting, as well as step- and straight-turning. Comes in a variety of forms, ranging from manual to semiautomatic to fully automatic, with major types being engine lathes, turning and contouring lathes, turret lathes and numerical-control lathes. The engine lathe consists of a headstock and spindle, tailstock, bed, carriage (complete with apron) and cross slides. Features include gear- (speed) and feed-selector levers, toolpost, compound rest, lead screw and reversing lead screw, threading dial and rapid-traverse lever. Special lathe types include through-the-spindle, camshaft and crankshaft, brake drum and rotor, spinning and gun-barrel machines. Toolroom and bench lathes are used for precision work; the former for tool-and-die work and similar tasks, the latter for small workpieces (instruments, watches), normally without a power feed. Models are typically designated according to their “swing,” or the largest-diameter workpiece that can be rotated; bed length, or the distance between centers; and horsepower generated. See turning machine.

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Nickel compounds also have useful applications. Ceramics, paints and dyes, electroplating and preparation of other nickel compounds are all applications of these compounds. Nickel oxide for example is used in porcelain painting and in electrodes for fuel cells. Nickel acetate is used as a mordant in the textiles industry. Nickel carbonate finds use in ceramic colors and glazes.