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Extreme events may sometime hit the province. Flooding is a well-known phenomenon since ancient time, so that all the rivers and channels which cross the plain are embanked, and many channels were dug to avoid frequent flooding. The worst recent events were on 4 November 1966[6] and on 2 November 2010.[7]
The most part of the province has a temperate sub-continental climate for the Köppen climate classification Cfa); only part of the Colli Euganei have a milder climate, because their southern slopes are above the thermal inversion line by winter, and exposed to the Sun all the year: which allows them to cultivate small olive trees.
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Cutting speed is one of the most important parameters of work of machining devices like lathes, mills, and others, designed for chip processing. Such parameters describe the speed of contact between material removal elements (like bits, blades, or cutters) and the material surface. Right cutting speed has a direct impact on tool longevity and the final effect of the machining surface.
Even when a tool manufacturer adds information about recommended Vc for a particular material, it is still good to know how to calculate that parameter – based on observation and knowledge. It is worth mentioning that there is a correlation between the hardness of the machined surface and the cutting speed value.
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Cutting speed for mills requires the movement velocity of the outer surface of the spindle in relation to the shaped object. A similar description fits also grinders (speed is calculated based on the used tool). That parameter in lathes machining describes the distance in time of the machined surface in relation to the cutting bit. As you can see – outer surfaces of the objects (machined and tools) are very important.Their speed is a base to calculate the actual cutting speed. It is worth mentioning the parameter is strongly connected with the revolution speed–cutter on the spindle of the lathe head. Precise selection of that parameter has also an impact on the degradation of machining blades – too low or too high can cause faster tool degradation. It is similar to the usage of the wrong tools to work with particular types of material.
According to the European Environment Agency, in 2023 it was the 367th most polluted city in Europe (out of a sample of 375 cities) and the second in Italy, after the province of Cremona.[14]
Contact us and tell us what you need. We have been providing CNC services for almost 40 years. Our valuation is completely free. And if you're in doubt about which technology will work best for you, our expertise is at your service.
At RADMOT, we offer CNC milling services, CNC turning services, as well as many additional services, including washing, aluminum anodizing, laser marking and assembly. We have at your disposal over 80 modern machines in our machine park, all from renowned manufacturers. Download the presentation and check on which machine tools we produce CNC turned parts and CNC milled parts.
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Two motorways cross the territory, one being the A4, the other being the A13; Padua has also a highway ring surrounding the city and connecting it to its hinterland. The main railways make almost the same paths of the motorways, going to Venice, Milan or Bologna; but there are minor railways going north (Castelfranco Veneto), north-west (Bassano del Grappa and Trento), south-west (Mantua) and south-east (Chioggia). The main roads follow all those paths.[citation needed]
The selection of the right cutting speed is important while working with automatic machining devices, but is even more significant when used in numerically controlled mills or lathes.
Each tool, even used within specification, can degrade in time – this is a completely natural process. But there are some things that can impact the tool's life – among many: cutting speed. Wrongly selected can cause numerous problems, among many – tool degradation and a decrease in the surface quality of the machined part.
Snowstorms, with some inch of fresh snow and strong Bora gusts, may happen during a normal winter, but rarely can be considered like a blizzard, and usually they do not last more than 1–2 days and with no more than 6–10 in (15–25 cm) of snow. Anyway, a really exceptional event happened during the winter of 1608: a snowfall that lasted for 40 consecutive days, from late January to early March, with the snow depth at ground reaching at least 6–7 ft (about 2m) as witnessed by Galileo;[8][9] a similar event never repeated.
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The definition of cutting speed (Vc) is pretty simple: it is the movement speed (linear) of a machined surface with respect to a machined element. In other words – it is a measure of travel in time, described in meters per minute (or feet per minute).Machining speed is one of the key parameters of machining – the chip processing; on the other hand, remains important for the grinding process. In measurements and technical documentation that parameter is described as Vc (V = velocity; c = cutting). Such a parameter is often called 'cutting velocity', but this is not fully accurate (due to differences between these two). Cutting speed is often given by a cutting tool manufacturer (cutter, turning bit, etc.) in regard to typical materials with known machinability properties. Selection of the best possible cutting speed depends on the operator's awareness of aspects like:
CNC operators early observe the whole machining process – that is why the selection of the right parameters is so important. On the other hand – the selection of said parameters is the responsibility of a professional CNC machining operator.
Summers are moderately hot and wet, warmer and less rainy in the lower plain, while the higher plain is often hit by thunderstorms; Padua has a record of +39.8 °C by August 2003, and usually gets above +36 °C in a year.
The province has a thriving economy, in the metropolitan area and the alta pianura, due to the presence of numerous enterprises of every kind, mainly industrial ones, but also from tertiary and primary economical sectors; these areas are also densely populated. The bassa pianura is instead a mainly rural area, thus being poorer and less populated. Tourism is developed above all in the spa towns, while both in Padua and in the other parts of the province it may be considered under-developed, aside from the arrival of large numbers of pilgrims in Padua.[citation needed]
The winter is usually moderately cold in the province, avoiding both warm and cold extremes; frost is very common at plain (below the thermal inversion line) with about 60–70 frost days a year, and temperatures usually do not get lower than −8/−12 °C in the plains during the year; but the all-times record for Padua is −19.2 °C by January 1985. The lower plain is slightly colder than the higher plain; snowfalls are highly variable from year to year, and one could see winters with almost no snow as years with frequent snowfalls (Padua has a century average of almost 20 cm/8 in during a year[3]). Fog is a common phenomenon, even lasting all the day long, above all in the lower plain.
On top of the recommendation related to the bigger groups of material, there are differences between series or types of alloys. For example – milling aluminum of series 2xxx requires different parameters in the case of series 7xxx.
Rarely, between May and September, tornadoes may hit the area as well. The most famous were the one of 17 August 1756, bringing heavy damages to Padua;[10] and the one of 11 September 1970, starting from Colli Euganei and passing through Paduan metropolitan area to end over Venice,[11] an F2 (intensifying up to F4 going onto Venice[12]) on the Fujita scale. Hailstorms are possible as well by summer, the worst recent event having been on 28 August 2003.[13]
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Several sports are practiced in the province of Padua. The most popular is football: every village as well as every city parish has its own little team, out of the most important ones playing in the Italian professional or amateur championships; and futsal is widespread too. Rugby union and volleyball are popular sports too; there are several teams also for basketball and field hockey; water polo, American football and baseball are played too. Among individual sports, cycling, athletics, swimming, rowing, tennis, fencing, golf, and horseback riding are often practiced, as well as martial arts.[citation needed]
The province of Padua (Italian: provincia di Padova) is a province in the Veneto region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Padua.
Such a formula for cutting speed allows quick calculation of the cutting speed. On the other hand – it is a parameter that is often given by a tool manufacturer – most often in the form of range for particular types of material. Selection of the right cutting speed is still the responsibility of a machining operator. Based on their knowledge and experience, such specialists can calculate the right parameters for machined material, tools, and even particular machines and their possible tolerances. It is worth knowing the mentioned pattern, even if you can find it easily on the internet cutting speed calculators.
These differences are easy to identify by experienced operators of machining devices.On the other hand – while using new tools, operators should closely observe the effectiveness of recommended parameters to choose the perfect one.
Spring and autumn are changeable seasons, which may experience wintry or sultry weather, heavy rainfalls or pleasant sunny days. The period between April and June is usually the wettest one in a year.[4]
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The borders of the province are almost the same of the Medieval commune of Padua, with just some adjustment in the north-east. The territory was administered within these boundaries since the time of the Republic of Venice, but the modern province comes directly from the administrative divisions of Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. The Diocese of Padua covers the most part of the province, out of a main part of alta pianura; instead it includes areas from the surrounding provinces.
The territory is usually divided in the capital city, Padua, and its hinterland, formed by the nearby municipalities;[2] the alta pianura ("higher plain"), north of the city; the bassa pianura ("lower plain"), south of the city, including the Saccisica in the south-east; and the Colli Euganei ("Euganei hills") south-west of the city. The Euganei hills are the only heights of the entire province, the other parts being totally plain.
It has an area of 2,142 km2, and a total population of 936,492 (2016) making it the most populated province of Veneto. There are 102 comuni in the province.
Padua is home to some masterpieces from Medieval and Renaissance art and architecture, while the towns of Cittadella and Montagnana are known for the well preserved Medieval city walls. There are numerous villas in the countryside, a few of them from Palladio, the main ones being Villa Contarini (in Piazzola sul Brenta) and Villa Barbarigo (in Valsanzibio). The Euganei hills offer a relaxing naturalistic site, often covered in woods, while at their eastern slopes there are many ancient spa sites: the Terme Euganee, as Abano Terme, Montegrotto Terme, Galzignano Terme, Battaglia Terme. There is a small part of the Venetian Lagoon lying inside the province, the Valle Millecampi ("one-thousand-fields valley"); and also the river landscapes of the countryside include naturalistic routes, even for cycling or horse-riding. Travelling by boat is possible as well.
Each of the machining parameters is dependent on the selected material and its machining susceptibility. Among others – this is the reason why the cutting speed for steel machining will be different than the parameters recommended in the case of aluminum machining.