With an easy to follow structure and colour coding, Benfey’s spiral or “snail”, illustrates the elements in a more engaging way. Each colour represents a group of elements and each spiral represents a period on the traditional periodic table. Atomic numbers and masses are notably absent, however.

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Timothy Stowe’s 3D chart was specifically designed for physicists, geometrically showing energy levels within an atom (figure 7). The three axes represent principal, spin and magnetic quantum numbers, while colours represent different values of the angular momentum quantum number.

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In 1935, Emil Zmaczynski was one of the many to think outside of the tabular format with his periodic triangle, which graphically represents the process of constructing electron shells for atoms (figure 2).

Groups of elements are all arranged in different colours, including the noble gases, which are in a vertical column through the centre. What’s neat about the ring is that the more stable elements are on one side of the noble gases, and the least stable are on the other. Transition elements are integrated with all the other elements.

Fincher told Laboratory News: “The Mayan Periodic chart came to me about 30 years ago while trying to create a three dimensional periodic table. I came up with the idea of concentric circles representing electron shells after pondering the lack of symmetry in the traditional one.

In 1982, Harbor Freight Tools opened its first retail store in Lexington, Kentucky, to sell returned merchandise from its mail order business. The original location was at 1387 East New Circle Road. It later moved to 1301 Winchester Road, Suite 213. The venture proved successful, and Harbor Freight Tools began to open stores across the United States. As of 2024, Harbor Freight Tools operates over 1,500 retail stores in 48 states.[7]

In 2012, Harbor Freight, through Credit Suisse, secured a $750 million loan to refinance existing debt and fund a dividend for the company's private shareholders.[15]

In 2015, a class action lawsuit was filed against the company by customers, claiming that the tool company falsely advertised "normal" prices for products that were higher than an advertised "sale" price, when the item had never been offered at the original, higher price. Consumers claimed that this practice misled them into thinking that the item was on sale and they were getting a deal. The company settled, paying consumers up to $33,000,000.[21][22]

Harbor Freight Tools is headquartered in Calabasas, California. Harbor Freight has distribution space in Camarillo, California; Moreno Valley, California; Dillon, South Carolina; and Joliet, Illinois.[12] It closed a distribution facility in Oxnard, California, in early 2013.

In March 1869, Russian scientist Dmitri Mendeleev arranged all known chemical elements into a table, in rows of atomic number from left to right. Mendeleev wrote in his diary:

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In March 2020, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Harbor Freight Tools committed to donate its entire supply of N95 masks, face shields, and nitrile gloves to U.S. hospitals which had a 24-hour emergency room.[19]

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Harbor Freight Tools was sued by a group of its store employees in 2012, who alleged that they were misclassified as "exempt" from overtime payments as "managers" under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Harbor Freight Tools won a declassification of the class action; that is, the court found that all the individual situations were not similar enough to be judged as a single class, and that their claims would require an individual-by-individual inquiry, so the case could not be handled on a class basis.[20]

Harbor Freight Tools states "one of our core values is giving back to the great communities where we live, work and serve. With respect and humility, we strive to support and strengthen communities, big and small, across the United States." The company supports K-12 skilled trades education, veterans, and police and fire organizations with donations and gifts of tools and equipment.[16]

What’s interesting about Stowe is he his apparently untraceable, vanished from the scientific community. His table was discovered and republished by Instruments Research and Industry in 1989.

One hundred and fifty years later, Mendeleev’s table is used every day in labs, classrooms and institutions across the world. Usually, when we think of the elements, we picture them in the tabular format of which Mendeleev had the original idea.

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A more recent iteration, software developer Jeff Moran’s version tries to better illustrate hydrogen’s relationship with multiple elements, again by putting it at the centre (figure 5).

Gustavus Hinrichs can lay claim to the first periodic spiral. In fact, the German chemist proposed the design in 1867 – two years before Mandeleev’s table – with elements arranged based on mass (figure 3). But the Hinrichs spiral showed primary relationships between the elements and lacks the detail of later versions.

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Some of the designers responsible for these new versions thought the tabular form had limitations that they wanted to improve upon; others wanted to make the elements easier to comprehend or accommodate for new discoveries. Others still just wanted to create informative art that would look great on their wall. Let’s take a look at some of the most memorable versions.

In 2023 and 2024, Harbor Freight Tools was certified as a Great Place to Work.[5] According to the Great Place to Work Institute, 90% of employees at Harbor Freight Tools say it is a great place to work compared to 57% of employees at a typical U.S.-based company.

Similarly, Theodor Benfey’s fleshed out spiral from 1964 starts at hydrogen in the centre and winds in a (sort-of) circle, with diversions around the lanthanides and actinides, and transition metals (figure 4).

Many of the redesigns of Mendeleev’s table down the years have ditched the grid in favour of a spiral. One of the benefits of such a design over the tabular form is that it glues together the split that occurs at each end of the table, thus connecting elements at either end that potentially have similar characteristics.

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In 1977,[1] Eric Smidt and his father, Allan Smidt, started Harbor Freight and Salvage in a small building in North Hollywood, California. The company began as a mail order tool business that dealt with liquidated and returned merchandise. As the business grew, its name was changed to Harbor Freight Tools. In 1985, Eric Smidt was named president of the company at age 25; he served under that title until 1999, when he became chief executive officer.[8] From the mid-1980s to 2010 Harbor Freight was headquartered in nearby Camarillo, California.

Blogger Mitch Fincher created the Mayan Periodic Chart in the early 1990s, taking inspiration from the Mesoamerican calendar (figure 6). The psychedelic ring is made of concentric circles, each containing elements ordered according to their atomic number.

Some may find Stowe and Tsimmerman’s tables difficult to comprehend, however, and for a quick reference may want to look elsewhere.

In 2022, Harbor Freight Tools opened a distribution center in Joliet, Illinois, spanning 1.6 million square feet in size and creating 800 new jobs.[13]

Continuing along the quantum zone, Valery Tsimmerman’s ADOMAH periodic table from 2006 is effectively two tables in one (figure 8). The numbers at the bottom of the table either represent quantum number n as you follow the vertical rows, or n+l if you follow the 3D-layers.

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Unfortunately, when de Chancourtois had his work published, the diagram of his helix was left out, meaning it was somewhat overlooked upon its original publication.

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On January 9, 2013, CEO Eric Smidt, through Harbor Freight Tools, donated $1.4 million of tools and equipment to the Los Angeles Unified School District's (LAUSD) Career Technical Education.[17]

Harbor Freight Tools, commonly referred to as Harbor Freight, is an American privately held tool and equipment retailer, headquartered in Calabasas, California. It operates a chain of retail stores, as well as an e-commerce business. The company employs over 28,000 people in the United States,[5] and has over 1,500 locations in 48 states.[6][7]

Harbor Freight's website went online in 1997.[9] It had a modest catalog of products, a brief "About Us" section and an order form for the printed catalog. There were also links to a customer service page with delivery times and return policies. In all, the original site had 10 landing pages. The current[update] Harbor Freight website has over 79,000 indexed pages.[10] The Harbor Freight website had over 31 million monthly visits as of 2023, mostly within the United States, according to Similarweb.[11]

But within 100 years of the appearance of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table, it is thought that around 700 different versions were published, all taking many shapes and forms in different dimensions, from spirals, cylinders and rings, to fractals and pyramids.

“I saw in a dream a table where all the elements fell into place as required. Awakening, I immediately wrote it down on a piece of paper.”

Harbor Freight sells many tools, accessories, and numerous other types of product under in-house brands, sourced directly from manufacturers.[1] These include:

In 1949, Life Magazine published a somewhat more fleshed out spiral, or rather part spiral, part Olympic racing track. Elements are arranged based on number of electrons, starting with hydrogen in the middle. The magazine said: “The colours and construction of the table express another kind of relationship among the elements: the repetition, at regular intervals, of the chemical properties of the first few.”

“I thought the spiral had more potential to show the interrelations of the elements than the Periodic Table,” he said. “The arrangement could get at the underlying philosophy as to why some elements attract other elements, why some are useful in conversion and why some are useful for protection.”

In celebration of the International Year of the Periodic Table, we decided to tip our hat to some of the more unusual, obscure and overlooked periodic designs.

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On April 4, 2013, Harbor Freight Tools announced a $75 million expansion project for the Dillon distribution center, which opened on November 22, 2015, adding 1 million square feet to the facility and 200 new jobs.[13][14]

Just as Mendeleev wasn’t the last to arrange the chemical elements, he wasn’t the first. Frenchman Alexandre-Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois can claim this feat, having arranged the elements in order of atomic weight in 1862 (figure 1).

In 2016, Eric Smidt formed The Smidt Foundation to house Harbor Freight Tools for Schools and support other education, health, safety, and community needs. The Harbor Freight Tools for Schools Prize for Teaching Excellence awards more than $1.5 million annually to skilled trades teachers and their schools,[18] and in total, has awarded $6 million to date.

De Chancourtois, a geologist, drew the elements around a metal cylinder, with similar elements – such as alkali metals lithium, sodium and potassium – lined up vertically. He called his creation “telluric helix” because tellurium was placed in the middle.