Up milling and down millingpdf

Strain hardening, also referred to as cold working or work hardening, is the process where metals are made stronger and harder through permanent deformation. You cannot discuss strain hardening without mentioning the word “temper”. Tempering is the type and amount of processing done to the metal when it is at the mill, including thermal treatments and cold work. When an alloy is referred to as being full hard, half hard, or having a spring temper etc., the temper is what it is referring to.

Difference betweenup milling and down milling

The last temper on the metal after the final anneal is the actual amount of strain hardening that has occurred. The anneal must have been carried out at a high enough temperature and for enough time to destroy the old grains, but short enough to not allow the new grains from growing too big in size.

When a metal is permanently deformed, the dislocations (movement of crystalline imperfections through the grains within the metal) move until they hit something that stops them. One of the most effective ways of stopping dislocations is with more dislocations. Confusing? Let me explain.

Advantagesanddisadvantages ofup milling and down milling

Up milling and down millingwhich is better

Cold working is a very important way of increasing the strength within metals. Cold rolling is a type of cold work, which involves passing a metal through two rollers that impose a great pressure on the metal. This deforms the metal and elongates the grains within, causing dislocations to pile up and increasing the strength of the metal.

Up milling and down millingare the subtype of

When dislocations that are running on different planes intersect, they cannot move past one another. They end up piling up on one another, also becoming intertwined in the process. This is known as dislocation entanglement, and stops more deformation occurring for that particular grain, unless significantly greater energy is used. This increases the strength of the metal under any further loading.

There must be a balance struck between cold working (aka work hardening) and loss of ductility (ability to be formed). Spring and superspring are two types of hard temper and have low ductility and high strength. Annealed and ¼ hard are known as softer tempers and have ductability (formability) and low strength.

When a high level of cold work is applied to the metal, it becomes quite difficult to form or process any further. If more forming or reduction is needed, annealing (heating and slow cooling of a metal to reduce internal stresses) must be carried out. This causes the internal grains to recrystallize, obliterating old grains and this allows new dislocations to grow within the new grains. Any and all prior work the metal was subjected to disappears and the elongation and strength that the metal had initially are restored. This allows for further cold working to commence.

Do you have any experience with cold working (also known as strain hardening or work hardening)? We would love to hear your thoughts in the comments below!

When choosing a material for an application (don’t choose any of these!), it is advised that you choose the material that meets the ductability requirement and has the highest strength. For instance if you were choosing an alloy for the wheels on your car, you would want the strongest wheels possible, right?