Titanium is mostly used as an alloying element in different types of alloys to achieve greater strength and power. Due to its high corrosion resistance property and tensile strength, titanium has become a staple material in the aerospace and shipping industry.

Almost every mineral or metal found on Earth is valuable for humans in one way or the other, but only a few metals are of extreme importance. Pure metals are usually soft or weak to be useful, however, the inclusion of other metals and impurities makes them much stronger. Below, we have compiled a list of strongest metals found on Earth.

Tantalum is also used in the electronics sector to produce durable, heavy-duty capacitors for telephones, personal computers, cameras and various devices for automobiles.

Tungsten is known for its highest melting point and unparalleled robustness. It was discovered in the form of acid for the very first time in 1781 by Swedish chemist Carl Scheele.

This standard originated with the military standard MIL-I-46058C, which became obsolete in 1998. The civilian version IPC-CC-830B is nearly identical, so it is generally understood that if a board passes the IPC spec it will also pass the MIL spec., and vice versa. IPC-CC-830B is a battery of tests, some are pass-fail and others provide data that can be referenced and compared to:

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Iron constitutes most of the earth’s core and is the fourth most abundant element on the crust. The element in its pure form is weak but is readily combined with other elements to produce iron alloys such as cast iron and steel due to their robustness and relatively low cost.

The is hard, lustrous and has one of the highest melting points of any metal found on earth’s crust. Chromium is known for its unusual magnetic properties; it exhibits antiferromagnetic properties at room temperatures but above 38 °C it changes to paramagnetic metal.

What did you think of this guide? Maybe there is something we missed. Let us know by leaving a comment with your feedback. Techspray has experts available that will guide you all the way through the selection and qualification process.

Gold is one of the most precious and sought after minerals on earth. It is both highly ductile and malleable. Our current scientific understanding is that gold and other heavy elements may have forged in supernovas and other cosmic quarries.

Once a coating has passed the UL746E standard, it can be registered with UL and assigned a registration number. Products certified and registered to UL746E standards can include the UL symbol (which looks like a backward “UR”). To maintain the registration, a coating must be retested annually.

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Even though lead is relatively soft, its low melting point and high corrosion resistance make it a highly desirable element across various industries. On Earth, lead is one of the commonly found elements alongside sulfur. It is now a well-accepted fact that lead was known to humans, even before 6000 BCE, and was probably used for metal smelting.

Conformal coatings are usually applied as very thin coatings, providing the maximum amount of protection possible while still using the thinnest amount of material. The thinness of the coatings minimize heat entrapment, unnecessary additional weight, and a variety of other concerns. Common thickness with most conformal coatings is anywhere between 1 to 5 mils (25 to 127 microns) with some coatings applied at an even thinner level. Anything greater than this thickness is usually an encapsulate or a potting compound, which typically provides more mass and thickness to protect the boards.

Can you imagine our present or future without important metals such as silver, gold, titanium, and iron? It wouldn’t be much to think about. These metals played an important role in shaping our past and are now working as a foundation from which we are building our future.

Safety and environmental considerations should always play a part in chemical selection and process design, but different regulatory bodies make this an even more challenging feat, as requirements must be interpreted and matched with product specifications.

What is Conformal CoatingConformal coating is a special polymeric film forming product that protects circuit boards, components, and other electronic devices from adverse environmental conditions. These coatings ‘conform’ to inherent irregularities in both the structure and environment of the PCB. They provide increased dielectric resistance, operational integrity, and protection from corrosive atmospheres, humidity, heat, fungus, and airborne contamination such as dirt and dust.

Certifications are an important way to distinguish general purpose varnishes and shellacs from engineered coatings designed specifically for PCB protection. Although there are dozens of user and industry specifications, the two major certifications are IPC-CC-830B and UL746E. When selecting a coating, look for the availability of 3rd party test documentation, rather than coatings with the claim that “they meet the requirements”.  Both standards use the UL94 standard to judge flammability, with a V-0 rating signifying the lowest flammability potential.

On occasion, it is necessary to remove a conformal coating from the circuit board to replace damaged components or perform other reworking procedures. The methods and materials used to remove coatings are determined by both the coating resins and the size of the area, which can impact the time required for removal.

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During World War II, it had a major part in initiating economic and political dealings among the European countries. As the largest tungsten producer in that region, Portugal gained partial importance from both sides.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) - In the US, the OSHA has overriding authority over worker safety concerns. Many coatings are very flammable, and many emit fumes that have a high level of toxicity. Close attention needs to be paid to ventilation (explosion-proof when dealing with flammable fumes) and the appropriate PPE (personal protection equipment) to keep operator exposure down below the appropriate safety threshold. Flammability may be difficult to avoid without exploring more specific water-based coating materials. Newer coatings have been introduced that do not include HAPs (hazardous air pollutants – a government classification of particularly toxic chemicals) like toluene, xylene or methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). The Global Harmonized System (GHS – with those red diamond symbols) needs to be followed for labeling, which is generally taken care of by the manufacturer. Make sure safety data sheets (SDS) are readily available to operators, as they should be for any hazardous chemical in a facility.

In this article, you’ll be given all the information that you need to identify the ideal conformal coating for your application’s requirements. If you are searching for something specific, feel free to use the index for a more selective approach. Otherwise, this article is helpful both for beginners who seek to understand conformal coating methodology and use, and for seasoned applicators and businesses who wish to confirm their knowledge-base and procedural legitimacy. You can also check out our selection of conformal coatings here.

Almost 85 percent of mined chromium is accounted for producing metal alloys and the rest is used for dying, coating, producing refractory material and as a catalyst for processing hydrocarbons.

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Nickel also has a biological role in humans and microorganisms including fungi and eubacteria. A research conducted in 2014 found out that patients suffering from type 2 diabetes present with a high concentration of nickel in the blood compared to those who don’t have the disease.

Once the type of coating is selected, the next question is how to apply the conformal coating. This decision should be based on the following variables:

The metal is widely utilized in jewelry, electronics, and medicine. Historically, gold has been utilized for monetary use. About 10% of the world’s total gold production goes to the electronic/semiconductor industry, where it is used to fabricate corrosion-resistant components.

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Apart from its extensive use in bulb filaments, tungsten’s ability to function under extreme heat makes it one of the most desirable elements for the arms industry.

A large portion of the world’s total copper production is used in cable wires and electrical circuits. Other applications of copper include plumbing and roofing.

Chromium is the 22nd most abundant element found on Earth and is mostly extracted from earth minerals such as Kimberlite.

The element belongs to a particular group of metals, which are extremely resistant to heat, known as refractory metals. These metal, though in small proportions, are widely used in production of various alloys.

One of the precious metals, silver is vital for many high-value industries. It has the highest electrical and thermal conductivity of any metal, even copper. Due to higher costs, the metal is used only in a few industries such as electronics. The silver plating on various circuits and semiconductor devices are essential for their proper functioning.

With the increased popularity of miniaturized electronics and circuitry, conformal coating use has skyrocketed to solidify its relevance in a wealth of modern PCB-related applications . Choosing the ideal type of coating and application methods for your electronics is crucial. However, processing the vast amount of information online can often present a daunting task.

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Types of Conformal CoatingApplication MethodsThickness MeasurementCuring MethodsRemoval Methods CertificationsRegulatory Considerations

What we call “traditional” conformal coatings are 1-part systems that have a resin base and can be diluted with either solvent or (in rare cases) water. Traditional coatings are semi-permeable, which is why they are not fully hermetic nor do they seal the coated electronics. They provide resistance to environmental exposure, which increases PCB durability while keeping application and repair processes in practice. However, they are NOT fully water-proof.

In nature, nickel occurs mostly in minerals with high amounts of sulfur or arsenic such as nickeline, pentlandite, and millerite. Indonesia is the world’s highest nickel producer followed by the Philippines and Russia.

EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) – In the US, the EPA requirements must be followed at the national and regional level. The EPA, following the Montreal Protocol treaty, enforced restrictions on ozone-depleting chemicals. Since most of the restricted chemicals are unavailable and have not been used in conformal coating formulation for years, ozone depletion isn’t the current concern. If there are regional agencies (see next paragraph) that have stricter requirements than the EPA, those generally will need to be followed.

Yield Strength: Yield strength/stress defines the maximum stress limit of material after which is starts showing plastic behavior.

Apart from electronics and jewelry, silver is readily used as an antibiotic coating in medical appliances. It is also a preferred catalyst for the most oxidation process. About 13,000 tons of silver were used to enrich uranium during the Second World War.

Modern steels can be broadly categorized into four varieties; carbon steel, low alloy steel, high strength low alloy steel, and alloy steel. While carbon steel is composed mostly of iron and carbon, the other steel types carry varying amounts of other elements such as manganese, molybdenum, chromium, or nickel.

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CARB (California Air Review Board) and other regional regulations – Local agencies continue to play  a larger-and-larger role in environmental restrictions. CARB was one of the early regulatory bodies, laying down VOC (volatile organic compounds – smog-producing chemicals) restrictions by product category. Other regional agencies followed their lead. Global warming potential (GWP) is the latest environmental topic of discussion.

Aluminum has specific qualities that make it an important commodity to modern society. It is one of the most extensively used non-ferrous metal in the world. About 8% of the earth’s crust consists of aluminum, while its concentration in the Solar System is 3.15 ppm (parts per million).

Do you know, an average human carries about 1.4 to 2.1 mg of copper per kg of its weight. Excessive copper accumulation in the liver can lead to severe liver damage and neuropsychiatric symptoms. This condition is known as Wilson’s disease.

Coatings can, and often are, tested to standards that only represent a portion of the whole standard. In the case of UL94, this is helpful when flammability is the main concern. Some specialty coatings may not be tested to the entire IPC-CC-830B or UL746E standards because they may fail parts of the test. These failures may be due to the nature of the product and the coating’s necessary applications, and are not always a reflection of the quality of the product. For example, some coatings intended to coat LEDs leave out the UV indicator to prevent color shift, but this automatically would cause disqualification under IPC-CC-830B. In other words, it is impossible by definition to pass IPC-CC-830B and have optical clarity in the UV part of the spectrum.

Physically, tin can be characterized as a soft, silvery-white metal, which is both ductile and malleable. At room temperatures, it remains largely unaffected by corrosion and oxidation.

Nickel, a transition metal, is vital for the production of alloys as nearly 68 percent of the world’s total nickel output is used in stainless steel. Other uses of nickel include electroplating, production of rechargeable batteries and coinage.

The rest of this article is concerned mainly with what we call “traditional” conformal coatings, but we’ll first cover other coating types to provide a complete picture of the options available.

Copper is one of the very few elements that occur naturally in a usable metallic form that doesn’t need to be extracted from any mineral ore. Due to this characteristic, humans were able to use cooper even before 7000 B.C. Then in 3500 B.C, cooper was alloyed with tin to produce bronze. It was the first time in human history that any metal was alloyed with another.

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While the curing mechanism is not a primary criterion when selecting a coating, it has a direct impact on the type of application method that will be feasible, and the throughput that can be expected. Some mechanisms are relatively infallible, while others are very complex and leave room for application errors when used in an uncontrolled process.

Steel is most widely used in heavy equipment and the construction industry. Despite the emergence of aluminum, steel remains vital for manufacturing car bodies.

Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is considered a credible and reliable safety certification body worldwide, and UL certification is commonly required for consumer goods. UL746E tests for the electrical safety and flammable safety of  coated electronics. For electrical safety, there is a battery of tests similar to IPC-CC-830B, but with a cycling current load to constantly measure the failure of the isolative properties of the coating. The flammability test uses the UL94 standard like IPC-CC-830B, which involves attempting to light the cured coating with an open flame and observing the sustainability of the flame.

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The most common use of lead is for manufacturing various types of alloys. It is also used as a coloring agent, oxidant, in plastics, candles, glass, and semiconductors. It has been used to make bullets since the middle ages.

There are several options for coating technologies, and the best option for your particular application should depend primarily on your level of necessary protection. The application method and the ease of rework are also important factors, but should generally be considered secondary to the necessary protective performance.

Titanium is one of the ten most abundant metal in the earth’s crust and is found in most igneous rocks as oxides. The metal has a high strength-to-weight ratio, high melting point, and relatively low electrical conductivity as compared to most other metals.

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Further studies lead two Spanish scientists Fausto and Jose Elhuyar to discover the same acid from the Wolframite mineral from which they later isolated tungsten with the help of charcoal.

Apart from the fact that tantalum is a strong metal, it is also one of the densest materials on Earth. Tantalum is known for its ability to resist corrosion so much so that it can withstand highly corrosive aqua regia below 150°C.

Due to its low density and resistance to corrosion, aluminum is a key element in the aerospace and infrastructure industry. While pure aluminum has a yield strength of about 15-20 MPa, its alloys are much stronger and have yield strengths from 200 MPa to 600 MPa.

If all you are doing is replacing a component or working on an isolated area, it is common to simply burn through the coating with a soldering iron. In cases when this is aesthetically unacceptable, contamination is a concern, or components are densely spaced, coating removers are available in pen packaging.

Tin is most widely used in alloys, a notable example being tin-lead soft solders, which normally consists of 60 percent or more tin. Due to its low toxicity, tin-plated metal can is popular in the food packaging industry.

The following categories are based on the basic resin of each coating. The chemical composition of each conformal coating determines its major attributes and functions. Choosing the proper conformal coating for your application is determined by the operational requirements of your electronics.

This concludes our guide on conformal coating. We hope that it answered your questions and provided proper guidance in selecting the best products and methods for your needs. Like any challenge, selecting the best coating and coating process can be broken apart, analyzed, and solved.